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June 11, 2025 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Posing for a Statue

John Tamatao Baker “was born at [Wailupe], Oahu, in 1852, and was educated at Lahainaluna school on Maui. He began life by entering plantation work on that island, later coming to Honolulu.” (Jean Charlot)

“Baker was of Hawaiian, haole, and Tahitian descent, his grandfather having come to Hawaiʻi from Tahiti with the missionary William Ellis.” (Kanaeokana)

“He became attached to the household of King Kalakaua and married [Chiefess Ululani Lewai Peleioholani].  On Feb 12, 1878, he was made a captain in the household guard and in 1884 was made adjutant of the military police. During the same year he became a member of the privy council.”

“King Kalakaua appointed Baker high sheriff of Hawaii in 1887, his wife having been made governess of that island the preceding year. After the office of governess was abolished, he was named governor, retiring from that post in 1893.”

“In later years of his life, Baker traveled a great deal, visiting Europe and the South Seas islands. He always took an interest in politics and was notes as a scholar in both the English and Hawaiian languages.”

“He is best known, perhaps, as the original of the statute of King Kamehameha, for which he was asked to pose, due to the striking likeness to the ancient ruler.” (Advertiser, Sep 8, 1921)  “Likeness refers to a likeness of features rather than of body.” (Charlot)

“Gibson refers to Robert Hoapili Baker in different terms: ‘The artist has copied closely the fine physique of Hoapili of whom photos were sent by the committee and it presents a noble illustration of superior Hawaiian manhood.’” (Charlot)

Actually, Baker, his brother Robert Hoapili Baker and an unnamed fisherman served as models for the Kamehameha Statue. The imagery used by the sculptor was a composite of the three.

(John and Robert were raised as brothers but they were ‘step’ brothers – their mothers were sisters and had both married Captain Adam Baker, yet John is the only biological son of Captain Baker, so they were cousins. (House of Kamakahelei))

A layman, looking at the photo “posed by John T. Baker, is struck by its obvious resemblance to the finished statue and considers this to be a clinching argument.”

“A practicing artist, however, knowing the many successive steps that go into the making of a statue on a heroic scale, knows that this cannot be the whole story.”

“[T]he sculptor, Thomas R. Gould, required much more than the surface data offered by [the single photograph]. To take a famous example of a sculptor’s point of view, in the 1890s Auguste Rodin started working on his statue of Balzac by doing a number of studies after the nude model.”

“Only as a final step did he wrap around the body a loose dressing gown that hides all his hardwon anatomical knowledge, only the head of his Balzac left visible.”

“Gould, an older man, nurtured on classical art, similarly required at the start factual data concerning the Polynesian body, as distinct from the Greco-Roman body he knew so well from statues.”

The initial “photos arrived in April 1879. Gould acknowledges receipt to Brewer, who acted as an agent for [Walter Murray] Gibson: ‘(Received) five photos, three of them being a nude native Hawaiian, and the other two a Hawaiian in the royal feather cloak and baldric, with helmet and spear, countersigned by the King.’”  (Jean Charlot)

“Bronze casts by sculptor Thomas R. Gould from the original 1881 mold are now located in Kapaʻau, Hawaiʻi Island, Honolulu, Hilo and in the Hall of Statues in the United States Congress building in Washington, D.C.”

“As was the convention of the time, John [Baker] posed in full Hawaiian attire, but wearing dyed-brown long-johns covering his skin. The photographer minimized this fact, though the covering on the right wrist is quite distinct.”

“Gould worked from a pastiche of the brothers’ photographs and probably another photograph of a muscular man modeling for the legs.”

“The photograph shows the composite model image as Kamehameha in aliʻi (chiefly class) feather robe, helmet, and breechcloth and a holding a lance.” (BOH, Honokaa, NPS)

At the request of the monument committee, statue designer Thomas R Gould modified the features to make the king seem about 45-years old. The intent was a bronze statue of ‘heroic size’ (about eight-and-a-half-feet tall.)

‘Boston Evening Transcript’ of September 28, 1878, noted “It has been thought fitting that Boston, which first sent Christian teachers and ships of commerce to the Islands, should have the honor of furnishing this commemorative monument.”

While Gould was a Bostonian, he was studying in Italy, where he designed the statue; ultimately, the statue was cast in bronze in Paris.

It was shipped on August 21, 1880, by the bark ‘GF Haendel,’ and was expected about mid-December. On February 22, 1881, came word that the Haendel had gone down November 15, 1880, off the Falkland Islands. All the cargo had been lost.

However, the original statue had been recovered and was in fair condition. The right hand was broken off near the wrist, the spear was broken and the feather cape had a hole in it. It was taken to a shed at Aliʻiolani Hale to be repaired.

As for the original statue (which had been repaired,) it was dedicated on May 8, 1883 (the anniversary of Kamehameha’s death) and is in Kapaʻau, North Kohala outside Kohala’s community/senior center.

Meanwhile, on January 31, 1883, the replica ordered by Kohala arrived. On February 14, 1883, the replica statue was unveiled at Aliʻiolani Hale during the coronation ceremonies for King Kalākaua.

The resemblance of the statute to Baker followed him; “John Baker has come to San Francisco to be a human being for a change, instead of a statue.  Baker made his home in Honolulu for many years.

“In the islands he is a most famous character.  For it was Baker who posed for the celebrated statue of King Kamehameha, because of the strong resemblance he bore to the ancient ruler of the tropic isles.”

“But when tourists saw the statue and then saw him, it often became uncomfortable, for he was frequently taken for the real article by those who did not know that the Kamehamehas have long since ceased to walk the earth.”(San Francisco Daily News, Nov 1915; SB Sept 07, 1921)

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Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Prominent People Tagged With: Kamehameha Statue, John Baker, John Tamatoa Baker, Thomas Gould, Robert Baker, Kamehameha Day

May 11, 2020 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Sport of Kings, the King of Sports

Most horse races last about two minutes.

An average racehorse’s stride length is 20-21 feet long, while an elite racehorse may have a stride length of 24 feet. Racehorses will take up to 150 strides per minute and their stride frequency is synchronized with breathing frequency. (Kansas State University)

The heart is one of the horse’s strengths in racing. The size of a volleyball, or basketball in elite horses, the average horse’s heart weighs approximately 10 pounds. An elite racehorse’s heart may weigh more than 20 pounds and pump more than 75 gallons of blood per minute during a race. (Kansas State University)

It’s not clear when the first horse race took place – some suggest racing dates back to 4500 BC. On the continent, following the lead from our friends in the UK, horse racing dates back to 1665, with the establishment of the Newmarket course in Salisbury Plains section of the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York.

By the turn of the last century, horse racing surpassed all other spectator sports in popularity. And it grew, as noted in the headline of the April 30, 1953 New York Times, “Racing Now Virtual King of Sports, Topping Baseball in Gate Appeal; Horse Racing Tops Baseball At Gate”.

Horse racing, which used to be called the sport of kings, was threatening to become the king of sports. (NY Times, 1953) It is suggested it is nicknamed the ‘Sport of Kings’ because the original patrons of the sport in Europe were members of monarchies, or were closely related to those who were.

So, what about horse racing in the Islands? It had a kingly start here, as well.

June 21, 1803 marked an important day in Hawaiʻi horse history when the Lelia Byrd, an American ship under Captain William Shaler, arrived at Kealakekua Bay with two mares and a stallion on board – they were gifts for King Kamehameha I.

The captain left one of the mares with John Young (a trusted advisor of the King, who begged for one of the animals) then left for Lāhainā, Maui to give the mare and stallion to Kamehameha.

It’s not clear when the first horse race occurred in Hawaiʻi. An early account of a race occurred in the Polynesian on March 6, 1858, “… a horse race came off on the Waikiki race ground between Mr. MM Webster’s bay horse “Eclipse” and Mr. Kaikainahaole’s sorrel horse name unknown, for $350 aside. The outside betting was very spirited … (t)he crowd of spectators of all degrees and classes could not have been short of a thousand”. (The judges declared a “no race” and all bets were off.)

Later, King Kamehameha V, held a celebration on his birthday, December 11, 1871, to honor Kamehameha I; “a public celebration was held with horse-riding and other sports.” The date later moved to June 11, because of the better weather, and celebrated chiefly by horse races in Kapiʻolani Park, but the races eventually gave way to today’s parades of floats and pāʻū riders (that date became Kamehameha Day.)

Later, King Kalākaua dedicated Kapiʻolani Park to allow “families, children, and quiet people” to find “refreshment and recreation” in the “kindly influences of nature,” and to be a “place of innocent refreshment.”

An important part of the initial park was its oval horse race track. King Kalākaua reportedly liked gambling on horse racing and in 1872 he helped form The Hawaiian Jockey Club (this organized the sport according to the rules that governed races elsewhere.) (Kapiʻolani Park’s racetrack closed in 1926.)

This wasn’t Hawaiʻi’s only horse race track.

In the late-1800s and early-1900s there was a horse racing track (Koko O Na Moku Horse Racing Track) at Kāʻanapali Beach that stretched from the present day Kāʻanapali Beach Hotel to the present day Westin Maui Resort. Races, there, ended in 1918.

The Maui County Fair & Horse Racing Association developed the old permanent Fairgrounds on Puʻunene Avenue in Kahului; the Fairgrounds included a horse-racing track. The first County Fair was held in 1918.

In 1939, the Oʻahu Jockey Club built the Kailua Race Track, on the Windward side. In a day and age when Seabiscuit and War Admiral were stealing Mainland sports headlines, more than 6,000 fans turned out for 10 races at the brand new Kailua Race Track. (Hogue, MidWeek) Races there reportedly continued to 1952.

Colonel Zephaniah Spalding built a race track at Waipouli on Kauaʻi in about 1880. His polo playing son, James Spalding, built the polo field inside the race track about 1915. A June 1920 The Garden Island noted: “HORSE PLAY – Saturday, July 3rd will be a big day at Waipouli race track. The morning will be devoted to horse races, of which a splendid program has been arranged. In the afternoon there will be a polo game between the Reds and the Blues.”

Hilo had a track at the Hoʻolulu Park; it was started in 1900 as a horse track, with a circular half-mile loop, and used for other events such as baseball. A grandstand was built in 1925 and nighttime baseball games started in 1928. (Narimatsu) After the 1946 tsunami, it was used as an evacuation center where folks impacted by the tsunami who were tended by the Red Cross workers.

Later, the Honolulu Record noted (June 19, 1958,) “The first horse races in several years were held at the Hoolulu Park race track on Kamehameha Day. The Hawaii Paniola Club sponsored the program. A crowd of some 1,600 fans saw the 19 races run off. Proceeds from the show went to the Big Isle chapter of the Hawaii Cancer Fund.”

Finally, we cannot overlook the track and rodeo facility at Parker Ranch in Waimea on the Big Island. Parker was “importing horses from the finest Mainland and English racing lines to develop the thoroughbred breed in Hawaii … as a result, the thoroughbreds racing today in Hawaii are of the same top blood lines as the prize horses in the United States and England.”

The ranch opened its race track in about 1947; over the years, races consisted of a series of races (relays, quarter mile grade, three-eighths and three-quarter mile thoroughbred.)

Every 4th of July and Labor Day, Parker Ranch continues to host its races and rodeo for thousands of participants, as well as other events throughout the year.

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kailua-race-track-sign-(KHS)
Kailua-Horse_Racing-(honolulumagazine)-Sept1945
Kailua-town_horse_castle-(KainaluES)
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Wailua-UH-Manoa-USGS-(3148)-1950-area of Waipouli Track is noted
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Waipouli Horse Race Track-Kauai
Parker Ranch-Walter Stevens (out front)grabs the baton from partner, Mark Yamaguchi-(WaimeaGazette)-1997
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Kapiolani-Waikiki-Kaneloa-Kapiolani_Park-Monsarrat-Reg1079 (1883)
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Kapiolani-Man riding a bike on the Kapi‘olani race track-(waikikivisitor-com)
Kapiolani-Horse races were a popular activity at Kapi‘olani Park-(waikikivisitor-com)
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Kapiolani_Park_Association-Stock_Certificate-(kapiolani_park-a_history)
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Kaanapali's Koko O Na Moku Horse Racing Track (closed in 1918)
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Hoolulu-Hilo-(USGS-UH_Manoa)-(1675)-1954-(portion_noting_Hoolulu_Track)
Hoolulu_Park-Racing-(eBay)

Filed Under: General Tagged With: Hawaii, Kailua, Horse, Parker Ranch, Hoolulu, Kaanapali, Kamehameha Day, Kapiolani Park

February 22, 2019 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Hawaiian Floral Parade

“In no other city in all the United States is Washington’s Birthday observed as it is in Honolulu. It is the one national holiday which the Hawaiian city has chosen above all others for its own, to celebrate as no other American city is able to do.”

“Nowhere else under the American flag does the twenty-second of February find smiling ‘skies, flower—scented breezes, and an enthusiastic and patriotic populace.”

“For the past six years the celebration of the day has centered in a great floral pageant in which all the nationalities of Honolulu’s most cosmopolitan population have vied with each other in doing honor to the memory of America’s first President and great statesman.”

“Each year has seen the efforts of the preceeding one surpassed, and the 1911 celebration gives promise of very far eclipsing all of the others.”

“The Floral Parade idea originated some eight or nine years ago, but it was not until 1906 that the date was finally set for Washington’s Birthday, and the parade became a regular institution.”

“The first parade was held on Thanksgiving Day, and was largely an automobile parade, made up of decorated motor cars, which at that time had come to be quite common in the city.”

“Each year the idea developed, however, until finally it was recognized as everybody’s celebration, and everybody felt that he had a definite part to play in making the show a success. From being simply a day’s diversion for a few of the city’s wealthy class, it has now come to occupy the most important place in the year’s calendar of holidays for every one in the Territory.”

“In fact, one day is now scarcely big enough to hold it, and last year the carnival feature (which has come to claim a prominent place, although not thought of in the earlier years) was inaugurated the evening before, as it will be again this year. The project of making the celebration cover the entire week will be carried out within the next year or two.”

“New Orleans has her Mardi Gras; Pasadena, her Tournament of Roses; and Portland, Oregon, her rose Festival, each rivaling in a manner the elaborate fiestas and pageants of the Old World.”

“But it remained for Hawaii, the ‘Paradise of the Pacific,’ to originate a celebration of an attractiveness not possible in any less favored part of the world.”

“Honolulu’s Floral Parade does not represent so large an expenditure of money as do some of the others, but nature has furnished the mid-Pacific Islands with things that money cannot buy in perfect weather, brilliant flowers, and a mixture of races working in harmony to produce a day of brilliant novelty and interest that cannot be duplicated.”

“For the past three or four years steamship facilities have been entirely inadequate to bring the crowds of tourists who turn Hawaii-ward with the coming of February, and their enthusiastic praise insures for succeeding years renewed interest in Hawaii from every country in the world.”

“It is such appreciation, too, that adds zest to the workers on each succeeding year – this and the healthy rivalry between the different branches – for the cost of Hawaii’s one great day, not alone in money, but in hard work for months before, is something that cannot be adequately expressed.”

“Citizens and visitors who are in Honolulu on the eve of February 22 (1911) – Washington’s Birthday – will find one of the principal downtown streets closed to public traffic, and two of the largest wharves similarly cut off for a time from public use …”

“… while big trans-Pacific liners scheduled to dock at those wharves will have to steam to a less convenient wharf at the other end of the harbor.”

“The closed street and the closed wharf will be alive with hustling humanity. Early in the evening – Honolulu time – a famous statesman will touch a button in Washington – the President of the United States, in the White House – and the button will ring in Honolulu.”

“ The current starting from the White House will be relayed by direct wires to a huge electric clock in Honolulu, and the timepiece will burst into illumination, showing the famous device of the Brotherhood of Elks – the clock that points to the hour of eleven, when Elks all over the world pause to remember kindly their absent brothers.”

“It will be eleven when the button is touched in Washington, and that will be about seven o’clock in Honolulu. This is the time for the opening of the Washington Birthday Carnival and Floral Parade season of festivities in Honolulu, and President Taft, being an Elk, has been asked to start the celebration.”

“Honolulu’s Floral Parade observance of Washington’s Birthday is only a few years old, and the Carnival features, undertaken by Honolulu Lodge, No. 606, B. P. O. E., are only two years old.”

“The Floral Parade was a brilliant success from the start, and has become a public institution, managed by public-spirited citizens year after year. and planned and looked forward to like the Mardi Gras in New Orleans.”

“A majority of the entries in the Parade are floats and decorated automobiles. Honolulu leads all American cities in the number of privately owned autos, in proportion to her size, and an increasing number of the Owners, from year to year, join in the pleasant competition for honors in beauty of decorations.”

“The custom of selecting “malihinis” for judges has been adopted in recent years. Malihini is Hawaiian for strangers, and usually in this connection means visitors, or tourists.

“Last year the floats of the nations were brilliant features of the parade. The Chinese and Japanese especially, with their native wealth in color decorations, put forth striking efforts. and the great Chinese dragon was a sight not to be forgotten.”

“The lodges, societies. clubs, and, in some cases, business organizations, had elaborate floats, while some of the private entries of individuals were of exquisite beauty. Society had its part, and some of the vehicles, carrying feminine beauty arrayed in harmony with the color scheme of the floral decorations, were dreams of beauty.”

“‘Pilikia’ had a prominent place in the parade. He was a frightful-looking monster, doomed to be overpowered and burned to death before the day was over. Pilikia, be it explained for the benefit of the malihini, is a Hawaiian word meaning trouble.”

“The god, or rather demon, of trouble, put together by James Wilder, was a monster of frightful mein. He lived through the parade, but when night came, in the presence of a vast crowd at Palace Square, he was tried and condemned to death.”

“Struggling and wailing, he was cast into a living volcano while the multitude howled with joy, and, by the terms of the allegory. Trouble was dead in Honolulu. It is understood that during the past year the monster reappeared, and if he can be captured he will be tried again.”

“The Carnival features last February were all in the block in front of the Young Hotel. The street was closed and turned over to the Elks, as it will be this February, and within their enclosure the enterprising members of Honolulu Lodge arranged and carried out an entertainment to which the principal exception taken was that the crowds were so large it was difficult to get in.”

“There were many of the features of a circus, with well-known citizens at the sideshows and booths, and society ladies doing their part, and there was a mock court in continuous session.”

“The judge was a fiery citizen of Honolulu named George A. Davis, and he was voted a brilliant success, acquittals of defendants being entirely unheard of during the whole session, and pleadings being assessed with Solomon-like wisdom.”

“This year, in addition to a repetition of this carnival feature, the Elks are to hold a water carnival and electric illumination on the waterfront. The illumination will rival that of the great battleship fleet, some of which lay at the wharves, which are to be reserved for the Elks’ use.”

“The aquatic features will be such as only Hawaii can show. The Elks have nearly a dozen committees at work upon their plans -and propose to make both features of the Carnival annual affairs, which, with the Floral Parade, will cause Washington’s Birthday to be easily the big holiday of the year in Hawaii.”

“That the big February fiesta in Honolulu is attracting attention elsewhere is shown not only by the hundreds of letters received inquiring about it, but in a much more substantial way by the fact that three excursion parties from the mainland – each in its own chartered steamer – will be in Honolulu during the Carnival week.”

“Definite news of the efforts of another party to come has been received, but it will probably be impossible to secure another steamer. The regular steamers will be crowded with Honolulu—bound passengers, and the interisland steamers will bring residents of all the islands of the group to Honolulu.”

Beginning with the Mid-Pacific Carnival in 1904, a series of multiethnic public celebrations and parades were created to attract tourists and showcase Hawaiʻi’s multi-ethnic culture. The Hawaiian Floral Parade was a part of this.

The Mid-Pacific Carnival, held in February, celebrated Washington’s birthday with spectacular and historic pageants and military parades featured. It was held at Aʻala Park in downtown Honolulu. Circus acts, sideshows and hula dancers entertained the public and included an annual Floral Parade. In 1916, Mid-Pacific Carnival merged into the Kamehameha Day Parade (and was later held in June).

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Mid-Pacific Carnival-auto-1908
Mid-Pacific Carnival-auto-1908
Hawaiian Floral Parade
Hawaiian Floral Parade
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Filed Under: General, Economy Tagged With: Hawaii, Kamehameha Day, Mid-Pacific Carnival, Hawaiian Floral Parade, Washington's Birthday

June 11, 2017 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

La Ho‘o-mana‘o O Kamehameha I

Kamehameha Day was first celebrated in 1871 by Kamehameha V as a day to honor his grandfather, Kamehameha I (however, it was first celebrated on December 11 of that year.)

Here’s a little background on the celebration (Kepā Maly gave me information from SM Kamakau) and the reasoning why we now celebrate Kamehameha Day on June 11.

“The celebration of Kamehameha Day on June 11 came about in the following way.”

“On December 11, 1871, the birthday of Kamehameha V who was at that time ruling king, a public celebration was held with horse-riding and other sports.”

“It was agreed to make this celebration an annual event, but because of the uncertain weather in December to change the date to June.”

“Kamehameha V died soon after, and the holiday remained as a “Day in Commemoration of Kamehameha I,” (La Ho‘o-mana‘o o Kamehameha I.)”

So, while linked to Kamehameha V’s birth date (December 11,) because the weather is better in the summer, the decision was made to have the Kamehameha I celebration six months from the King Kamehameha V’s birthday (i.e. June 11 – the date has no direct significance to Kamehameha I.)

The 1896 legislature declared it a national holiday.

“Kamehameha Day was generally observed by the people. Elaborate preparations were made for the celebration of the day, with sumptuous feasts and sports, and every effort was brought to bear in order to insure the success of the occasion.”

“It might well be said that, in the language of the poet, its observance was usually attended with:
‘The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
And all that beaut’, all that wealth e’er gave.’”

“The celebration itself was characterized by a cheerful spirit and good-fellowshlp. “Aloha,” the watchword that opened every heart and brightened every soul, was greeted on every side, and hospitality, unalloyed and unbounded, was displayed at every door. There was no distinction in race, color or creed.” (John C Lane, Mayor, 1916)

In 1939, Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes under the Territorial Legislature of Hawai‘i created the King Kamehameha Celebration Commission – that law remains in effect, today.

State law notes: §8-5 King Kamehameha celebration commission … “The commission shall have charge of all arrangements for the celebration each year generally observed throughout Hawai‘i Nei on June 11, to commemorate the memory of the great Polynesian Hawaiian warrior and statesman King Kamehameha I, who united the Hawaiian Islands into the Kingdom of Hawai‘i”.

In 1978 the legislature renamed this holiday King Kamehameha I Day.

Almost from its first observance this day was celebrated chiefly by horse races in Kapi‘olani Park; but the races eventually gave way to today’s parades of floats and pāʻū riders.

On February 14, 1883, the Kamehameha statue was unveiled at Aliʻiōlani Hale during the coronation ceremonies for King Kalākaua.

The stance of the statue, with spear in left hand and right outstretched with open palm, showed the “successful warrior inviting the people … to accept the peace and order he had secured.”

There are now five different statues of Kamehameha:
• The first replica stands prominently in front of Aliʻiolani Hale in Honolulu
• The initial (repaired) casting of the statue is at Kapaʻau, North Kohala
• Another replica is in US Capitol’s visitor center in Washington DC
• Another statue is at the Wailoa River State Recreation Area in Hilo
• A statute, created by Herb Kane, is at the Grand Wailea Resort Hotel & Spa on Maui

The customary draping of the Kamehameha Statue with lei dates back to 1901. The image shows the lei-draped statue of Kamehameha in Honolulu. (wongsto)

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Kamehameha Day-2015-(wongsto)
Kamehameha Day-2015-(wongsto)

Filed Under: Economy, General, Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance Tagged With: Hawaii, Kamehameha Day, Kamehameha Statue, Kamehameha, Kamehameha V

February 21, 2017 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Timeline Tuesday … 1870s

Today’s ‘Timeline Tuesday’ takes us through the 1870s –first Kamehameha Day, Reciprocity Agreement, Lili‘uokalani writes Aloha ‘Oe and Iolani Palace is started. We look at what was happening in Hawai‘i during this time period and what else was happening around the rest of the world.

A Comparative Timeline illustrates the events with images and short phrases. This helps us to get a better context on what was happening in Hawai‘i versus the rest of the world. I prepared these a few years ago for a planning project. (Ultimately, they never got used for the project, but I thought they might be on interest to others.)

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Timeline-1870s

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Buildings, Economy, Military, Prominent People, General Tagged With: Kamehameha Day, Timeline Tuesday, Liliuokalani, Iolani Palace, Iolani Barracks, Transit of Venus, Treaty of Reciprocity, Pineapple, Aloha Oe

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Images of Old Hawaiʻi

People, places, and events in Hawaiʻi’s past come alive through text and media in “Images of Old Hawaiʻi.” These posts are informal historic summaries presented for personal, non-commercial, and educational purposes.

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Categories

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Hoʻokuleana LLC

Hoʻokuleana LLC is a Planning and Consulting firm assisting property owners with Land Use Planning efforts, including Environmental Review, Entitlement Process, Permitting, Community Outreach, etc. We are uniquely positioned to assist you in a variety of needs.

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