Ali’i / Chiefs / Governance | Images of Old Hawaiʻi

October 16, 2026 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Ka‘iulani

Victoria (named after Queen Victoria) Kaʻiulani Kawekiu I Lunalilo Kalaninuiahilapalapa Cleghorn was born on October 16, 1875, the only child of Princess Miriam Likelike (the sister to King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani) and Archibald Scott Cleghorn, a Scottish businessman.

Miriam Kapili Kekāuluohi Likelike was born on January 13, 1851. Unlike her brothers and sister, Princess Likelike’s early years were spent on the Island of Hawaiʻi.

On returning to Honolulu, “Her first course of instruction was at the school of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart, and she finished her education at Kawaiahaʻo Seminary.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 4, 1887)

Then her musical endeavors began in earnest; encouraged by her siblings she wrote music. With her sister, she led one of the three royal music clubs that held regular friendly competitions to outdo each other in song and poetry.

Like her sister, Princess Likelike sponsored many concerts and musical pageants in and around Honolulu, and played an important role in the development and perpetuation of Hawaiian music by the encouragement and patronage she gave to young musicians and composers. (HMHOF)

On September 22, 1870, Princess Likelike was married to Honolulu businessman Archibald Scott Cleghorn. The wedding was held at Washington Place, the residence of Governor Dominis and Princess Liliʻuokalani.

Cleghorn, born November 15th 1835 in Edinburgh, Scotland, was brought to Hawaii by his parents, Mr and Mrs Thomas Cleghorn by way of New Zealand.

After arriving to Honolulu in 1851, Thomas set up a dry goods store in Chinatown, but within the year, at the age of 54, Thomas suffered a fatal heart attack while on his way home from church. Archibald took over his father’s business and turned it into one of the most successful mercantile chains in the islands. (Kaʻiulani Project)

He first married Elizabeth Pauahi Lapeka and they had three daughters: Rose Kaipuala Cleghorn (married James William Robertson,) Helen Manuʻailehua Cleghorn (married James Boyd) and Annie Pauahi Cleghorn (married James Hay Wodehouse.) (Geer, Fahrni)

Continuing his father’s love of horticulture, Archie also became known as Hawaiʻi’s Father of Parks and served as Oʻahu Parks Commissioner; he was landscaper for ʻIolani Palace.

Archibald is also responsible for the spectacular gardens of the ‘ʻĀinahau estate, where he planted several varieties of plants, shrubs and trees, including Hawaiʻi’s first banyan, which became known as ‘The Kaʻiulani Banyan’. (Fahrni)

In addition he was the lead landscaper for Kapiʻolani Park. Kapiʻolani Park was dedicated on June 11, 1877 and named by King Kalākaua to honor his wife, Queen Kapiʻolani. It was the first public park in the Hawaiian Islands.

Characterized from the beginning as “swamp land in a desert,” Kapiʻolani Park became a park specifically because it wasn’t considered suitable for anything else, and because of its peculiar climate – it’s one of the few places on Oahu where rain almost never falls.

Archibald and Likelike deeded land at Kaʻawaloa to Major James Hay Wodehouse, Her Britannic Majesty’s Commissioner and Consul General for the said Kingdom of the Hawaiian Islands, for a monument in memory of Captain Cook. (Thrum)

Ka‘iulani inherited 10-acres of land in Waikīkī from her godmother, Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani. Originally called Auaukai, her mother named it ʻĀinahau. The family built a two-story home on the estate.

At first the home was used only as a country estate, but Princess Kaʻiulani’s family loved it so much, it soon became their full-time residence. She spent most of her life there.

At the age of 13, Princess Kaʻiulani sailed to Europe to begin her education abroad; she spent the next eight years studying and traveling in Europe.

At the age of 15, Kaʻiulani was proclaimed Crown Princess of Hawaiʻi by Queen Liliʻuokalani and was a future ruler of Hawaiʻi. (KSBE)

“Princess Kaiulani was a thoughtful young lady, but always frank and candid. She was intensely devoted to the out of doors. It was the same from the time she was a little girl up to a few days before her death.”

“She was a skillful horsewoman. She liked both riding and driving. For driving she had a double rig and a single rig and generally handled the lines herself.”

“As a little girl she was a splendid swimmer and the old natives along the Waikiki beach will willingly tell you how the young alii would always go further out into the breakers than any one else. …”

“The Princess had at Ainahau a tribe of peafowls and everyone of the birds would eat from her hands. She admired them very much, made a study of them.” (PCA, March 13, 1899)

In 1899, Kaʻiulani had gone to Waimea on the Big Island to visit Helen and Eva Parker, daughters of Samuel “Kamuela” Parker (1853–1920,) grandson of John Parker (founder of the Parker Ranch.) (When his grandfather died, in 1868, Samuel (at the age of 15) inherited half the Parker Ranch, with his uncle John Palmer Parker II (1827–1891) inheriting the other half.)

While attending a wedding at the ranch, Princess Kaʻiulani and the girls had gone out riding horseback on Parker Ranch; they encountered a rainstorm. Kaʻiulani became ill; she and her family returned to O‘ahu. Tragically, after a two-month illness, Kaʻiulani died on March 6, 1899 at ʻĀinahau, at age 23.

Ka‘iulani once said, “Well, it has been a strange life, really, and a very romantic one. Still I have been happy. I have seen a great deal and everybody has been most kind to me.” (Independent, November 11, 1897)

October 14, 2026 by Peter T Young 2 Comments

Loyalty to Locality

Using stratigraphic archaeology and refinements in radiocarbon dating, studies suggest it was between approximately AD 1000 and 1200 that “Polynesian explorers first made their remarkable voyage from central Eastern Polynesia Islands, across the doldrums and into the North Pacific, to discover Hawai‘i.” (Kirch)

The motivations of the voyagers varied. Some left to explore the world or to seek adventure. Others departed to find new land or new resources because of growing populations or prolonged droughts and other ecological disasters in their homelands. (PVS)

Early settlement patterns in the Islands put people on the windward sides of the islands, typically along the shoreline. Settlement patterns tended to be dispersed and without major population centers.

Most of the makaʻāinana (common people) were farmers, a few were fishermen. Tenants cultivated smaller crops for family consumption, to supply the needs of chiefs and provide tributes.

Fishermen and their families living around the bays and the beaches, or at isolated localities along the coast where fishing was practicable, led a life that was materially simpler than that of planters who dwelt on the plains.

There was no term for village. The typical homestead or kauhale consisted of the sleeping or common house, the men’s house, women’s eating house, and storehouse, and generally stood in relative isolation in dispersed communities.

The terrain and the subsistence economy naturally created the dispersed community of scattered homesteads. It was only when topography or the physical character of an area required close proximity of homes that villages existed.

Where conglomerations of homesteads existed, they were not communities held together either by bonds of kinship or economic interdependence.

A spring (or springs) was sometimes the reason for a village-like conglomeration of homesteads. “But it is along and in the streams which rush through the bottoms of these narrow gorges that the Hawaiian is most at home.”

“Go into any of these valleys, and you will see a surprising sight : along the whole narrow bottom, and climbing often in terraces the steep hillsides, you will see the little taro patches, skillfully laid so as to catch the water, either directly from the main stream, or from canals taking water out above.” (Nordhoff, 1874)

The true community in which sundry homesteads were integrated by socio-religious and economic ties was the dispersed community of ʻohana. This word signifies relatives by blood, marriage, and adoption.

In the course of native settlement, as the early Hawaiians spread from fishing sites on the shore to inland areas and fanned out over the plains and hills from original centers of settlement, households with ties of relationship became scattered.

Some located on upland slopes (ko kula uka,) some on the plains toward the sea (ko kula kai,) and some along the shore (ko kaha kai.) Neighborly interdependence, the sharing of goods and services, naturally resulted in the settling of contiguous lands by a given ʻohana rather than in a scattering over an entire district.

In this way there came to be an association of particular ʻohana with the land units later designated as ahupua‘a. Within a given ahupua‘a the heads of the respective ʻohana were responsible for seeing that their people met the tax levy prescribed by the konohiki, the ali‘i’s land supervisor.

The heads of the ʻohana groups were called haku or haku ‘āina. So far as is known there was no formal procedure involved in the choice of a haku for an ʻohana.

He came by his responsibility through seniority and competence. His authority was a matter of common consent rather than formal sanction; he was not appointed, he was not elected.

There was a high degree of stability or permanence of tenure despite the general turnover of authority and titles to the land whenever a new aliʻi came into power, owing to the fact that particular ʻohana enjoyed the rights of occupancy and use and faithfully fulfilled their obligations.

In many cases their ancestors had pioneered the area and cultivated it since the earliest era of Hawaiian settlement. Actually it was to the advantage of an aliʻi to maintain the occupancy of diligent cultivators of the land.

Thus the kauhale, the homesites of established ʻohana, were permanent features of the landscape, and the vested interest of any given family was equivalent to a title of ownership, so long as the landsman labored diligently to sustain his claim and was loyal to his aliʻi.

People identify themselves not just with the chiefdom (moku,) but with the ahupua‘a which was their homeland. This was true throughout the Hawaiian Islands.

This loyalty to locality, the identification of persons with family or ʻohana and with the ‘āina that nourished the ʻohana is an attitude that was ingrained. (The information here is from Handy & Handy with Pukui.)

October 11, 2026 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Hawaiian Challenge

“The Meeting at the King’s Boat House (October 19, 1885) – The meeting was called to order (and a) motion was passed that an association be formed to be called “The Hawaiian Rowing and Yachting Association.’”

“The association was to be represented by three delegates each from the Myrtle, Honolulu, and Kapiolani Clubs, and by one delegate each from all other established clubs. A committee of one from each club was appointed to make by-laws and racing rules.” (Daily Honolulu Press, October 20, 1885)

“A special meeting of the Hawaiian Yachting and Rowing Association was held last evening at the Iolani Boat Club House … After routine business had been transacted the following resolution was put and carried;”

“Resolved that the Association do hereby appropriate the sum of $350 for the express purpose of purchasing a silver cup to be sailed for annually up on the 4th of July under the auspices and conditions of the Hawaiian Yachting and Rowing Association by first class yachts of dimensions not to exceed 40 feet over all, said cup to be called the ‘Hawaiian Challenge Cup.’” (Daily Bulletin, June 19, 1889)

“The Challenge Cup, which is a very handsome one of solid silver and old silver finish in the form of a Japanese vase, is lettered on one side with the name of the Association, while the other side has a splendid view of Diamond Head with two yachts running seaward.”

“It is embellished with birds, fishes, seaweed and marine emblems. It is a perpetual challenge cup, and Messrs. Iaukea, Hatch and Cecil Brown, the owners of the Healani, hold it for one year. A pennant is given to the winner each year. The one this year is of a white silk ground with the monogram HRYA in blue letters, surmounted by a crown.” (Daily Bulletin, December 2, 1889)

“The cup is an ornate affair, etched on one side with the title of the trophy and on the other with a view of Diamond Head and racing yachts. On the shoulders cunningly wrought objects typical of the sport are attached. The names of previous winners are engraved on the cup.” (Sunday Advertiser, September 6, 1903)

“The Hawaiian Challenge Cup is an elegant silver trophy valued at $400. It was presented a number of years ago by the Hawaiian Rowing and Yachting Association, now defunct, and was to be raced for not oftener than once every year.” (Sunday Advertiser, September 6, 1903)

“Among boats that have won the cup are the Healani, Helene and Bonnie Dundee, the latter of which held it from 1893 until last year, on which occasion the Eva won.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, August 1, 1899)

“The Hawaiian Challenge Cup is open to all yachts over five and not exceeding ten tons measurement, this limitation not applying to yachts which were in Hawaiian waters and entered for the race previous to July 4th, 1899.”

“The course set runs from Waikiki to Pearl Harbor and back, finishing off the Oceanic wharf, making a course of twenty-three miles.”

“The cup was originally donated by the Hawaiian Rowing and Yachting Association, the conditions under which it was sailed being drawn up at a meeting of the Association in the ʻIolani Boat Club hall on June 28, 1889.” (Sunday Advertiser, September 6, 1903)

“An important event in the yachting annals of the islands took place on Saturday afternoon at the boathouse of His Majesty the King. It was the presentation of the silver challenge cup and a handsome pennant won by the yacht Healani on the 4th of July.”

“His Majesty, as president of the Hawaiian Rowing and Yachting Association, and who has always done so much in stimulating yachting and rowing in the islands as asked to make the presentation, and gracefully acceded to the request.”

“An elegant lunch was provided by His Majesty, and on the table, which was nicely decorated with flowers, stood the challenge cup. After ample justice had been done the good things His Majesty rose and said:”

“Representatives of the Hawaiian Yachting and Rowing Association and Gentlemen: At a special meeting of this Association held on the 18th of June last, it was resolved that a sum be appropriated for the express purpose of purchasing a silver cup, to be sailed for annually on the 4th of July, said cup to be called the ‘Hawaiian Challenge Cup.’”

“Subsequently a Pennant was added, and the prize then was the “Hawaiian Challenge Cup and Pennant for 1889.” The first race under the new conditions was sailed on the 4th of July. Five yachts I think started, the race was won by the Healani, being closely followed by the second boat.”

“Gentlemen, you are present on this occasion to witness the presentation of the above prize and pennant to the owners of the winning yacht. Messrs. Iaukea, Hatch, and Brown : As President of, and on behalf of the Hawaiian Yachting and Rowing Association, I take pleasure in handing over to you this handsome souvenir of an enjoyable day’s sport, and a well-contested trophy.”

“Hon. CP Iaukea, one of the owners of the yacht Healani, in receiving the challenge cup said: Your Majesty and Gentlemen, in receiving this trophy from Your Majesty’s hands, permit me on behalf of the owners of the yacht Healani, to express my great pleasure and satisfaction in now bearing away the palm during the first year of its competition.”

“It must also be highly gratifying to Your Majesty that the Healani, with which Your Majesty has so long been associated, should have successfully competed for the cup. The great interest which Your Majesty has for many years shown in yachting has no doubt animated others to a like appreciation of this healthy and instructive sport, as evidenced by the number of splendid yachts now adorning our bay.”

“In thanking Your Majesty for the honor conferred, permit me to express the hope that Your Majesty may continue to assist lovers of yachting with your gracious patronage. With Your Majesty’s permission I shall ask the gentlemen present to join me in wishing you, our royal President of HYR Association, a very good health.”

“His Majesty’s health was drunk by all standing, after which social conversation, principally on yachting matters, was indulged in for a time.” (Daily Bulletin, December 2, 1889)

“From this time the cup lay fallow for seven years until the advent of the ‘Gladys’ into our waters. A race was then sailed between the ‘Bonnie Dundee’ (now ‘Mary L’), and the Gladys on September 13, 1899, when the Gladys won by 23 minutes or one minute to the mile. Governor Dole sailed the Bonnie Dundee and T. W. Hobron the Gladys.” (Sunday Advertiser, September 6, 1903)

Reportedly, over the years, the prize became known as the ‘Kalākaua Cup.’ There were a few periods of inactivity due to disinterest and extenuating circumstances, as well as the disappearance of the cup itself.

When Castle & Cooke was moving offices, their old vault was opened and the trophy appeared it was filled with silverware belonging to the last winner, Tom Hobron, in the yacht ‘Gladys Mary’ in 1911.

The last winner of the Hawaiian Challenge Trophy was the Star class yacht ‘Roulette,’ skippered by Laurie S Dowsett, the 17-year-old son of HM Dowsett, with his crew Lloyd B. Osborne. This was the summer of 1941. Names of winning yachts and skipper/crew from 1925 through 1941 are inscribed on the trophy. (Waikiki Yacht Club)

The trophy was re-dedicated in 1986 and today is awarded annually to the winner of the Fourth of July Regatta consisting of three separate races. The first race is from Waikiki to Kaneohe, the second is an offshore race in the waters off of Kaneohe Bay, and the third is a race from Kaneohe to Waikiki. (Stowell)

Hawaiian Challenge Cup-Advertiser Sept 6, 1903

October 6, 2026 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Cow Laws

“Honolulu, a town of dingy habitations, having a population of some five or six thousand, a harbor frequented by a hundred foreign ships a year, besides the vessels owned there, and a dusty plain on the east …”

“… and a well watered and cultivated valley on the north and north-west, and a sprinkling of exotics, restive in its warm temperature, has long been familiar with demonstrations of puerile excitement and folly, even in the full grown-and sometimes among foreign officials.” (Hiram Bingham)

April 25, 1825, Richard Charlton arrived in the Islands to serve as the first British consul. A former sea captain and trader, he was already familiar with the islands of the Pacific and had promoted them in England for their commercial potential (he worked for the East India Company in the Pacific as early as 1821.)

Then, in October 1829, one of Charlton’s cows broke into Kaʻahumanu’s enclosure at Mānoa and began eating her crops. The Queen Regent’s konohiki (land steward) chased the errant cow out of the field and shot it. (Kashay)

“It appears that the cow had been mischievous – often – that in this instance she had been fired upon in the field – had escaped from the enclosure & was pursued and shot in the Common.”

“The consul was greatly enraged – went to the chiefs to complain & desired liberty to punish the man who had shot the cow. This permission he did not gain: but he went in pursuit of the man – found him and having thrown a rope around his neck undertook to bring him along.”

“The consul on horse back & the man on foot; the man not being able to keep up fell & the inhuman monster dragged him it is said some distance along the ground. – Mills cut the rope & thus saved him probably from being killed.” (Levi Chamberlain Journal, October 5, 1829)

“Immediately Mr. Charlton, in conjunction with the other English residents, memorialized the government on the outrage against the cow, pretending that their property and their lives were in jeopardy, and inferring that if natives dared to shoot a cow of a foreigner, they might shoot the foreigners too”.

“(T)hey therefore begged protection for their lives and property, and Mr. C, in presenting the memorial, urged ‘an immediate answer, that he might send it to his Britannic Majesty’s Secretary of State.’” (Hiram Bingham)

“This day the consul stuck up a notification – or a notification was stuck up requiring or requesting the attendance of all British subjects in the place at the office of his BM Consul. – … a petition was drawn up … signed by sixty two persons … requesting the consul to use his endeavors with the Sandwich island government to get the security of their lives & property as in consequence of recent outrages they could not look upon either as safe.” (Levi Chamberlain Journal, October 5, 1829)

The “cow case” culminated in the “cow laws.”

“The Chiefs in council having made out an answer to the letter of the consul handed to Mr Bingham to be translated, having accomplished it, the document was handed back to Kaʻahumanu in order to get the King’s signature.” (Levi Chamberlain Journal, October 9, 1829)

“They quickly issued the following edict, offering the protection of law, and showing what was forbidden and what required in respect to all, both native and foreign. They had no secretary of state, no prime minister to be intrusted with the reply.”

“Still they drew up several articles with great explicitness, and to the point. No pistols, chains, scourges, or daggers appear, yet, considering the circumstances (embracing the time-serving policy of Boki, and the deep interest the two officials had in the result) …”

“… there is a singular combination of the s’uaviter in modo’ and ‘fortiter in re,’ and while with smooth words it shows the absurdity of the memorialists, it keenly rebukes the violence of two foreigners upon a native who deserved no violence at their hands for defending the plantation. The edict was signed by Kauikeaouli, and printed by the mission for the government.” (Bingham)

The aliʻi nui thus very pointedly asserted their authority to make laws for westerners living in their kingdom.

With the cow laws, the Sandwich Island rulers now specifically stated that English residents would be ‘protected’ by statutes that included provisions against not only adultery and fornication, but also the Englishmen’s common pastimes of gambling and drinking. (Kashay)

The Proclamation of the King of the Sandwich Islands, respecting the Treatment of Foreigners within his Territories, Oʻahu, 7th October, 1829 made by Kauikeaouli was acknowledged by the Chiefs in Council (including Kaʻahumanu, Gov. Boki, Gov. Adams Kuakini, Manuia, Kekuanaoa, Hinau, Aikanaka, Paki, Kinau, John li and James Kahuhu.)

In part, the Proclamation and laws stated, “we assent to the request of the English residents; we grant the protection of the laws; that is the sum of your petition. This, therefore, is my Proclamation, which I make known to you all, people from foreign countries”.

“This is our communication to you all, ye parents from the countries whence originate the winds; have compassion on a nation of little children, very small and young, who are yet in mental darkness; and help us to do right and follow with us, that which will be for the best good of this our country.”

“The laws of my country prohibit murder, theft, adultery, fornication, retailing ardent spirits at houses for selling spirits, amusements on the sabbath day, gambling and betting on the sabbath day, and at all times.”

“If any man shall transgress any of these laws, he is liable to the penalty,—the same for every foreigner and for the people of these islands: whoever shall violate these laws shall be punished.”

“This also I make known:—The law of the Great God of Heaven, that is, the great thing by which we shall promote peace; let all men who remain here obey it.”

October 5, 2026 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Palea and the Pinnace

Captain Cook spent the month of December beating around the eastern and southern sides of Hawaiʻi, and finally anchored in Kealakekua Bay January 17, 1779 – having returned to make repairs to a broken mast. (Alexander)

Cook’s reception this time presented a striking contrast to his last. An ominous quiet everywhere prevailed. No one greeted them. A boat being sent ashore to inquire the cause, returned with the information that the king was away, and had left the bay under a strict taboo. (Jarves)

During the king’s absence the chiefs Palea and Kanaʻina kept order among the people. After Cook’s ships had anchored, the chiefs came on board and informed Cook that Kalaniopuʻu would be back in a few days.

Another prominent man, Koa, was apparently the highest officiating priest of the place (in the absence of the high-priest who accompanied Kalaiopuʻu.) (Alexander)

“Being led into the cabin, he approached Captain Cook with great veneration, and threw over his shoulders a piece of red cloth, which he had brought along with him. Then stepping a few paces back, he made an offering of a small pig which he held in his hand, while he pronounced a discourse that lasted for a considerable time.”

“This ceremony was frequently repeated during our stay at Owhyhee, and appeared to us, from many circumstances, to be a sort of religious adoration. Their idols we found always arrayed ill red cloth in the same manner as was done to Captain Cook, and a small pig was their usual offering to the Eatooas.” (King; Cook’s Journal)

“That same afternoon Captain Cook landed and was received by Koa, Palea, and a number of priests, who conducted him to the Heiau (Hikiʻau,) just north of the Nāpoʻopoʻo village and at the foot of the Pali. Here the grand ceremony of acknowledging Cook as an incarnation of Lono, to be worshiped as such, and his installation, so to say, in the Hawaiian Pantheon took place.” (Fornander)

The next day (Friday) the damaged masts and sails and the astronomical instruments were landed at the former camp, and the friendly priests tabued the place as before.

On Saturday afternoon, matters rapidly went from bad to worse.

Some of Palea’s retainers stole a pair of tongs and a chisel from the armorer of the ‘Discovery,’ leaped into their canoe, and paddled with all haste to the shore. Several muskets were fired after them in vain, and a boat was sent in chase.

Palea, who was on board, offered to recover the stolen articles, and followed in another canoe. The thieves reached the shore first, beached their canoe, and fled inland.

Mr Edgar, the officer of the boat, undertook to seize this canoe, which belonged to Palea, who refused to give it up, protesting his innocence of the theft. A scuffle ensued between them, in which Edgar was worsted, when a sailor knocked Palea down by a heavy blow on the head with an oar.

Upon this the whole crowd of natives looking on immediately attacked the unarmed seamen with stones, and forced them to swim off to a rock at some distance.

Palea, however, soon recovered from the blow, dispersed the mob, called back the sailors, and restored the missing articles as far as he could.

The following night the large cutter of the ‘Discovery’ was stolen by Palea’s people, taken two miles north, and broken up for the sake of the iron in it. (Alexander)

“This was the same Palea who from the first had been the constant, kind, and obliging friend of Captain Cook and all the foreigners, and who, only the day before Cook’s death, had saved the crew of the pinnace of the ‘Resolution’ from being stoned to death by the natives, exasperated Palea himself.”

“The boat had been at the brutal and insolent manner in which Palea had been treated by an officer of the ‘Discovery.’”

“It was during the night after the above fracas, the night of the 13th February, that the cutter of the ‘Discovery’ was stolen from her mooring, as King himself admits…”

“… ‘by Palea’s people, very probably in revenge for the blow that had been given him,’ and not by Palea himself. The boat had been taken to Onouli, a couple of miles higher up the coast, and there broken to pieces.” (Fornander)

Captain Cook commanded Kalaniopuʻu, the king of the island, to make search for the boat, and restore it. The king could not restore it, for the natives had already broken it in pieces to obtain the nails, which were to them the articles of the greatest value.

Captain Cook came on shore with armed men to take the king on board, and to keep him there as security till the boat should be restored. (Dibble)

On February 14, 1779, Cook was killed. (The image shows a drawing of Palea by William Ellis.)

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William_Ellis_–_Palea,_a_sub-chief_under_Kalaniopuu-1779