Hawaii | Page 372 | Images of Old Hawaiʻi

July 20, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Outrage – Missionaries, Merchants and Whalers

Edmond Gardner, captain of the New Bedford whaler Balaena (also called Balena,) and Elisha Folger, captain of the Nantucket whaler Equator, made history in 1819 when they became the first American whalers to visit the Sandwich Islands (Hawai‘i.)

A year later, Captain Joseph Allen discovered large concentrations of sperm whales off the coast of Japan. His find was widely publicized in New England, setting off an exodus of whalers to this area.

These ships might have sought provisions in Japan, except that Japanese ports were closed to foreign ships. So when Captain Allen befriended the missionaries at Honolulu and Lahaina, he helped establish these areas as the major ports of call for whalers. (NPS)

At that time, whale products were in high demand; whale oil was used for heating, lamps and in industrial machinery; whale bone was used in corsets, skirt hoops, umbrellas and buggy whips.

In Hawaiʻi, several hundred whaling ships might call in season, each with 20 to 30 men aboard and each desiring to resupply with enough food for another tour ‘on Japan,’ ‘on the Northwest,’ or into the Arctic.

The central location of the Hawaiian Islands between America and Japan brought many whaling ships to the Islands. Whalers needed food and the islands supplied this need from its fertile lands. Starting with Cook’s arrival, his crew and later the whalers sought and received other pleasures.

Kaʻahumanu and her followers seem to have concluded that an alliance with the missionaries would bring greater religious, political and economic benefits than the future envisioned from the foreign businessmen.

By adopting Christianity, Kaʻahumanu and most of the other Chiefs could claim to rule in the name of the God worshipped by most western leaders, perhaps gaining legitimacy and respect in their eyes. (Kashay)

The chiefs “proceeded to take more active measures for suppressing the vices which were destroying their race, and for promoting education. In the seaports of Honolulu and Lahaina this policy immediately brought them into collision with a lawless and depraved class of foreigners.” (Alexander)

Laws promulgated by Kaʻahumanu to be observed throughout the kingdom, and supported by the chiefs from all over the group except Boki. (These were the laws:)
1. You shall not commit murder; he who puts another to death shall himself die.
2. You shall not commit adultery; he who commits this crime, man or woman, shall be banished to Kahoolawe.
3. You shall not practice prostitution; anyone guilty of this shall be imprisoned and beaten across his back with a rope, and if he still fails to keep the law shall be banished to Kahoolawe.
4. Natives and foreigners are forbidden to manufacture, sell, or drink liquor.” (Kamakau)

“It is said to have been the motto of the buccaneers that ‘there was no God this side of Cape Horn.’ Here, where there were no laws, no press, and no public opinion to restrain men, the vices of civilized lands were added to those of the heathen, and crime was open and shameless.”

“Accordingly, in no part of the world has there been a more bitter hostility to reform. As soon as laws began to be enacted to restrict drunkenness and prostitution, a series of disgraceful outrages were perpetrated to compel their repeal.” (Alexander)

In the mid-1820s and early-1830s, several clashes (writers of the time referred to them as ‘ourtages’) happened that included the missionaries, merchants and whalers.

Outrage at Lahaina, 1825 – The ship ‘Daniel,’ of London, commanded by Captain Buckle, arrived at Lahaina October 3d, 1825, and the crew soon found that a change had taken place on shore since their last visit.”

“Two days later several of them entered Mr. Richards’s house and threatened him and his wife with death if he did not procure the repeal of the obnoxious law.”

“Their calm and heroic demeanor seems to have saved their lives for a time. On the 7th a larger company, armed with knives and pistols, landed under a black flag and forced an entrance into the yard, when the natives interfered, barely in time to rescue the lives of their teachers.”

“Outrage of the ‘Dolphin,’ Lieutenant Percival – On the 23d of January, 1826, the United States armed schooner ‘Dolphin,’ Lieutenant John Percival, arrived at Honolulu from the Marshall Islands, where he had taken off the surviving mutineers of the whale-ship ‘Globe.’”

“About this time the American ship ‘London’ was wrecked at Lanai, and the ‘Dolphin’ went there to save the cargo. On his return, February 22d, Lieutenant Percival called on the queen regent, and demanded the repeal of the law against vice, threatening violence if it were not done.”

“On the 26th his men attacked the houses of Kalanimōku, who was ill, and the mission premises, and did considerable damage before they were driven off. Mr Bingham was rescued from their hands by the natives, narrowly escaping with his life.” (Alexander)

The ship captains “blamed Bingham for the prohibition on prostitution and threatened to tear down Bingham’s house…. the sea captains were adamant that the missionaries were to blame for imposing Christian, Ten Commandment-based laws.”

“But during the confrontation with Captain Percival and Kaʻahumanu, she insisted that the aliʻi had accepted the word of Christ and that they were responsible the ban of (prostitution)”. (Brown)

Marie Alohalani Brown recounts correspondence of the time explaining the 1826 event:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ypKgWNNjBc

“Second Outrage at Lahaina – In October, 1826, the crews of several whale-ships landed at Lahaina, threatening to massacre Mr. Richards and his family, who happened to be absent at Kailua, Hawaii. They went in a body to demolish his house, but found it strongly guarded.”

“They continued rioting several days, breaking open and plundering the houses of the natives. The native women had all fled to the mountains with Kekauōnohi, who was acting as governess in Hoapili’s absence, and remained there until the ships sailed for O‘ahu.”

“Third Outrage at Lahaina – In October, 1827, another assault was made at Lahaina by the crew of the ‘John Palmer,’ an English whaler, commanded by Captain Clarke, an American.”

“Governor Hoapili, having learned that several native women were on board, contrary to law, demanded that they should be landed. The Captain evaded and ridiculed the demand from day to day.”

“At last one evening the governor detained him on shore, and seized his boat to enforce his demand. Upon Captain Clarke’s promise to return the women in the morning, he was released.”

“Meanwhile the crew had opened fire on the village with a nine-pound gun, aiming five shots at Mr. Richards’s house, which, however, did little damage. The next morning Captain Clarke sailed for Honolulu, without keeping his promise.” (Alexander)

In March 1831, Kaʻahumanu and Kuakini came down hard, imposing moral law in Honolulu. The two restricted liquor licenses, the sale of rum, and gambling. They also tabooed ‘lewdness, & Sabbath breaking,’ meaning that both Hawaiians and foreigners could no longer play games, dance, ride horses or carouse on Sundays.

At a public meeting on April 1, 1831, Kauikeaouli announced that he had sequestered the lands, forts and laws of Honolulu, and had given them to Kaʻahumanu.

She, in turn, decreed that future governmental policy would be based on the 10 Commandments, and put Kuakini in charge of enforcement. (Daws)

The new Governor threatened that ‘if any transgressed he should take all their property and pull their houses down.’ Under the leadership of a native by the name of ‘Big Ben,’ the Hawaiian police constantly patrolled the streets of Honolulu.

As part of their new duties, they invaded private homes, grog shops, and gambling halls, searching for contraband liquor and lawbreakers. In the process, Big Ben’s force confiscated drinks, broke up billiard, bowling, and card games, and wreaked havoc on the lives of the foreign population. (Kashay)

The whaling industry was the mainstay of the island economy for about 40 years. For Hawaiian ports, the whaling fleet was the crux of the economy. More than 100 ships stopped in Hawaiian ports in 1824.

The effect on Hawaiʻi’s economy, particularly in areas in reach of Honolulu, Lāhainā and Hilo, the main whaling ports, was dramatic and of considerable importance in the islands’ history.

Then, whaling came swiftly to an end. In 1859, an oil well was discovered and developed in Titusville, Pennsylvania; within a few years this new type of oil replaced whale oil for lamps and many other uses – spelling the end of the whaling industry.

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July 19, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Mother Baldwin

When celebrating the 100th anniversary of its founding, “Punahou pauses to pay tribute to its oldest living graduate, Mrs. Henry Perrine Baldwin (Emily Whitney Alexander) of Maui, who observed her 95th birthday in January of (that) year.”

“Mrs. Baldwin’s family has had many associations and connections with Punahou during its hundred years of existence.”

“Her father, the Rev. William Patterson Alexander, was one of the missionaries who signed the resolution passed at the general meeting in 1841 for the founding of the school. He was a trustee of Punahou when it was incorporated in 1853.”

“Mrs. Baldwin, then Emily Whitney Alexander, entered Punahou Preparatory, as the school was first known, in 1857, when she was eleven years old. She attended the school from 1857 to 1864 except for one year, and was graduated in 1864 at the age of eighteen.”

“Upon her graduation, she was appointed to the teaching staff of the school, and taught the subjects of geometry, algebra and American history.”

“At the time of her appointment, her brother, W. D. Alexander, was president of the school. He served as president from 1864 to 1870. and prior to that was acting president in 1859 and 1860.”

“Emily Whitney Alexander left Punahou in 1866, and in 1870 she was married to Henry Perrine Baldwin, at the beginning of his career as Maui’s foremost builder.”

“During the early years of their marriage, and throughout their life together, she was his constant helpmate and inspiration.”

“Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin’s first home was at Sunnyside, where the Rev. and Mrs. W. E. Rowan now reside. There their children, Harry A. Baldwin, Mrs. Maud Baldwin Cooke, Frank F. Baldwin, Arthur A. Baldwin. Dr. William D. Baldwin and the late Fred Baldwin, were born.”

“In later years, when they had moved to Haiku to live, they became parents of the late Mrs. Charlotte Baldwin Rice and Samuel A. Baldwin.”

“Before moving to Maluhia in the Makawao district, where Mrs. Baldwin now makes her home, the couple lived at Spreckelsville, where a great deal of Mr. Baldwin’s pioneering in the sugar industry took place.”

“Now known throughout the territory as ‘Mother Baldwin,’ Mrs. Baldwin is beloved by a large circle of friends throughout Hawaii.”

“Her interest in Punahou has continued down the years, and through her financial assistance many students who otherwise would not have been able to attend the school have been able to matriculate there.”

“During her entire lifetime Mrs. Baldwin was devoted herself to civic and community good. Her charities are legion, accomplished quietly and without publicity.”

“To worthy organizations throughout the territory she has been an unstinting friend, and to thousands of individuals she has given help and assistance. Deeply religious, she has been a devoted church woman all her life.”

“It is truly said of her that her life is a benediction, her friendship a blessing to all who know her.” (Maile Stevenson Kearns)

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Emily Alexander Whitney (Baldwin)-14 year old student at Punahou-The Friend

July 18, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Young Ladies Seminary in York Square

The city of New Haven is located in the southern part of the state of Connecticut along the Long Island Sound. The English Puritans who founded New Haven Colony in 1638 laid out the town according to a grid, known as the ‘Nine Square Plan,’ that made accommodations for future growth.

“Arguably, this makes New Haven America’s first planned town. Incorporated as a city in 1784, early New Haven was a thriving port and mercantile center, as well as home to Yale College. In the 19th century, industry dominated.” (Connecticut History)

“The layout of New Haven’s nine-square grid, though not the plan itself, is attributed to the original settlers’ surveyor, John Brockett. Evidence of this can be found in the Records of the Colony and Plantation of New Haven, from 1638 to 1649:”

“‘Itt is agreed by the towne and accordingly ordered by the court thatt the Neck shall be planted or sowen for the tearme of seaven yeares, and that John Brockett shall goe about laying it out forthwth, and all differences betwixt pty and pty aboute ground formerly broke vp and planted by English there shall be arbitrated by indifferent men wch shall be chosen to that end.’”

“‘Itt is ordered that Mr. Davenports quarter, Mr. Eatons, Mr. Newmans and Mr Tenches quarters shall have their first divisio of upland to begin att the sea side after the small lotts are layd out, and so goe on to the cow pasture, and to have their meaddow in the east meaddowes. ..’”

“Brockett laid out a street a half a mile long running parallel to West Creek, the original landing point for the colonists arriving in Quinnipiac Harbour from Massachusetts aboard the Hector in 1638.”

“Using the street as a baseline, Brockett mapped out a town plat (or area of land) a half-mile square, which was then divided by two parallel streets running east and west and two running north and south.”

“Forming nine equal squares, the plan left the center square as common space with the meetinghouse in the middle. The common space, called the market-place, is today New Haven’s Town Green.”

The other eight squares or quarters were fenced and assigned for house lots in relation to the amount invested in the common stock of the company. … New Haven’s Nine Squares are bounded by the streets known today as George, York, Grove, and State.” (Connecticut History)

“There are several public squares in the city. The central one, commonly called the Green, is equaled by but few in the country. It contains the State House, and three Churches, and is surrounded on all sides by rows of stately Elms.”

“Wooster Square, in the eastern part of the City, is also a beautiful inclosure; also York Square and several smaller ones, in various parts of the city.”

“The City enjoys the reputation of being one of the most beautiful in the United States, and there is probably no other so extensively ornamented with as great a profusion of trees as this. The principal are the elm and maple. From their great abundance in all the streets, New Haven is familiarly called the ‘City of Elms.’” (City Guide to New Haven, 1860)

In 1843, Miss Naomi Emma Morse and her elder widowed sister, Mrs Mary Merrick, moved their Seminary for Young Ladies into a rented house on the North side of York Square.

“(Morse) was born in Westfield, Mass., June 13, 1802 …. the youngest of the twelve children of Jacob and Naomi Morse. Her mother did not survive her birth.”

“Her eldest sister, afterwards the wife of Rev. Lyman Strong, of Colchester, Conn, faithfully performed to her a mother’s part. She was educated at the Westfield Academy, and at Albany, NY.”

“For several years, in company with an older sister, who was afterwards Mrs. Merrick, she taught in Troy, N. Y. Subsequently she spent some time in Virginia, in the family of her brother-in-law, Rev. Stephen Taylor, then professor in the Theological Seminary in Prince Edwards County …”

“… and afterwards, until his death, pastor of a Presbyterian church in Richmond Returning North for a visit, she was induced, in connection with Mrs. Merrick, then residing in New Haven, to open a school for young ladies in that city, which in 1839 had fewer of such institutions than often since.”

“This enterprise prospered and grew into the widely known ‘Young Ladies Seminary in York Square.’ This after a time passed entirely into the hands of Miss Morse. In connection with this, was the great work of her life. She brought to it several qualifications of a high order.”

“Always courteous, quiet, and self-possessed, firm in her purpose, yet gentle and winning in her manner, she readily gained the confidence of her pupils, and strengthened their resolutions to do well.”

“She was happily, by her own varied experience, fitted to sympathize not only with others, but with those who, from peculiarity in health or temperament, especially needed a mother’s care and counsel.”

“She aimed to fit her pupils for the sober realities of life. Truthfulness and fidelity to duty, in her judgment, were more than learning. To be useful was more excellent for a woman than only to be accomplished.”

“Skilful in reading the motives and in discerning the deficiencies, quick also in appreciating the worth and the honest endeavors of those she instructed, she sought with rare patience and tact to correct the one and develop the other.”

“Apparently devoid of selfishness, it was her delight to enter heartily into the plans, and to promote, at whatever cost to herself, the welfare of her friends. Her Christian character was built upon firm faith in the Bible, and deep conviction of the value of the gospel.”

“In her eyes, the young lady who had not become a disciple of Christ, lacked one thing of transcendent importance. Her family and school were repeatedly the scene of a blessed revival, for which her Sabbath instructions aided directly to prepare the way.”

“Not a few of her pupils returned home with new and elevated views of their obligations to live to do good, as well as to prepare for the life to come.”

“To the measure of her pecuniary ability, and often far beyond, she aided girls who desired the advantage of her school and were unable to pay the expense.”

“One of these, now herself honored and beloved, says, ‘A more unselfish person I have never known, nor a purer life. My feeling towards her, from my earliest childhood, was one of extreme veneration and respect.’”

“Another says, ‘I have ever cherished for her the deepest affection – words are weak to tell how much. I know her memory will be ever sweet and precious to those of whom she had the care in early youth. She was untiring in her devotion to the welfare of her pupils.’”

“The continued love and gratitude of her former pupils was manifested a few years ago in a way at once surprising and pleasing to her, and honorable to them.”

“Aug. 24, 1852, (Naomi Emma Morse) became the wife of Rev. Hiram Bingham, who is so widely and favorably known as one of the pioneer missionaries at the Sandwich Islands, where two of his daughters (one of them, educated at Mrs. Bingham’s school) are now engaged in conducting a young ladies’ seminary of a high order.” (Hiram’s first wife, Sybil, died in 1848.)

“In 1864 the school was relinquished; but Mr. and Mrs. Bingham remained in New Haven. After Mr. Bingham’s death, Nov. 11, 1869, her health gradually failed, and partial paralysis made her largely dependent on the kindness of friends …”

“… some of whom thus returned, with filial tenderness and assiduity, the rich fruits of her example and instruction in former years, until suddenly the message came, and she departed to be with the Lord.”

“The world is richer for such a life, and the hearts of many are made at once sorrowful and glad when it disappears. It was fitting that loving friends, as they stood around the coffin to look for the last time on that calm, sweet face, should, by singing some of her favorite hymns, give utterance to their own feelings of Christian hope and thankfulness.” (Congregational Quarterly, 1874)

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July 17, 2018 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

‘Hometown Proud’

The Independent Grocers Alliance (IGA) was founded in 1926, bringing together independent grocers across the United States to ensure that the trusted, family-owned local grocery store remained strong in the face of growing chain competition. (IGA)

Unlike the chain store business model, IGA operates as a franchise through stores that are owned separately from the brand. (IGA)

“Instead of trying to set up the ramifications for how these local businesses should be run – say, specific building designs, like you might run into at a McDonald’s – it instead offered different kinds of help to those retailers. “

“That help, traditionally, has come in the form of marketing and access to a consistent supply chain. After a few years, the company even began making its own canned foods.”

“And though IGA helped its members, when it came down to it, the owner of the store was still the guy in the stockroom, writing reports and cutting the checks.” (Smith)

“This organization has helped independent grocers in 46 states to increase their sales and modernize their stores. IGA has become the world’s largest voluntary foodstore chain.”

“It has given its members the same tools as those of their larger corporate competitors, and there are several markets where IGA independent grocers are the sales volume leaders.” (Sen Mike Mansfield, 1966)

One such Hawai‘i IGA store was the Hale‘iwa Super Market. Kasaku Sakai had the first store in 1907; it was situated where First Hawaiian Bank is now located and it was named K Sakai Shoten. (Miller, MidWeek)

Former plantation workers Kasaku and Tomi Sakai served the Hale‘iwa community and plantation workers for many years. “It used to be a horse and buggy days they used to go out plantation camps Dole and sugar plantations. Take orders and deliver them.”

Later, Kasaku’s illness forced his son, Charles Sakai, to take over the small general store. (Advertiser)

In the mid-1950s, Charles and his wife Myrtle Sakai moved the store across the street (where Pioneer Ace Hardware now stands) to expand it into a supermarket concept and a cash-and-carry system. (Advertiser)

In 1975, they expanded the business again and moved back across the street to its last location on Kamehameha Highway next to the town’s courthouse. (Advertiser & Miller, MidWeek)

For over 100 years four generations of one family ran the Haleiwa Super Market; at its peak, the market employed more than 60 people. It shut down in 2009 and a Long Drugs replaced it.

Today, the Independent Grocers Alliance includes nearly 5,000 Hometown Proud Supermarkets worldwide, with stores in 46 of the United States and more than 30 countries, commonwealths and territories around the globe. (IGA)

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Haleiwa – IGA 1974

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July 16, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Mission Memorial Building

“Impressive ceremonies marked the laying of the cornerstone yesterday afternoon of the Mission Memorial building in King street, ewa of the YWCA Homestead, being erected at a cost of $90,000 as a monument to pioneer missionaries and to be the center of the missionary work in Hawaii in the future.” (Hawaiian Gazette, July 20, 1915)

Designed by architect H.L. Kerr and built between 1915 and 1916, these structures were commissioned by the Hawaii Evangelical Association in preparation for the centennial commemoration of the arrival of the American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii in 1820. (C&C)

“‘Various forms of memorials have been suggested, but instead of some monument of beauty, perhaps, but which could be put to no practical use, why not something which would be of lasting value and usefulness …’”

“‘… and what would combine all so well as a building whch would be the center of activity for the Hawaiian board, where work along the lines of those whose memories are now being revered, should be directed!’”

“‘Then came the idea of combining the old with the new in a building which would honor the work of those who had gone before and provide place for the workers of the present.”

“The object met with a hearty response from our friends and we were offered free of charge two sites, one ii out the Atherton estate and one from the Mary Castle Trust. Both were in the section of the city formerly known to all as the ‘Mission,’ but this one which was chosen by the board was the one offered by the Mary Castle Trust and was ground which had been hallowed by actual missionary work.”

“‘The main building is to provide offices for the secretary and the treasurer, the superintendents of the various branches of the work, the book rooms for the board as well as the rooms for its regular meetings; provision as mentioned for the Mission Children’s Society; a meeting place for the Christian Endeavor Society, etc.’”

“‘The building in the rear and connected with the main building will provide an auditorium with a seating capacity of 600, and this we believe will be the center of much active Christian work in the future.’” (Lowrey, Hawaiian Gazette, July 20, 1915) (A third building, the Christian Education Building, was added in 1930.)

“It will only be a short time before this building, in red brick, on old colonial lines, will be up and from the street you will see across the front the words ‘Mission Memorial.’”

“This will bring to the attention of many people in years to come the work which was commenced on these Islands in 1820, and may the work which shall be done in, and directed from this building, in all time to come be worthy of what it commemorates and may the work extend on all lines to the bringing in of all races to the melting pot from which shall issue a happy, contented, God-fearing and God-serving community.”

“Among the documents placed in the metal box which, was encased in the cornerstone is an album of portraits of Hawaiian missionaries presented by the Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society, reports of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, year book of Central Union Church, …”

“… copies of The Advertiser, Star Bulletin, the Friend, Ka Hoaloha, Ke Kuhunaao, Tomo; facsimile of contract with owners of brig Thaddeus made in 1819, list of donors and financial statement, copy of deed of building lot, program of this year’s conference of Hawaiian Evangelical Association and copy of program of cornerstone laying.” (Hawaiian Gazette, July 20, 1915)

“The handsome new Mission Memorial Building of the Hawaiian Board of Missions was dedicated July 16th (1916), with interesting ceremonies.” (Missionary Review, 1916)

Click HERE to read more on the Mission Memorial Building.

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