Kalākaua’s penchant for “dances, picnics, suppers and other types of amusement” is legendary.

“Above all, he liked to play poker, and he usually lost. Then one day having four kings in his hand he was certain of winning the game.”

“Unluckily enough, his opponent had four aces. Kalākaua, not to be outdone, quickly hit upon the idea of including himself in his hand and said, ‘I have five kings-four in my hand and myself.’” (Ka Leo O Hawaii)

Pā‘ani pepa (card games) seem to have been introduced in Hawai‘i by foreign seamen in the 1790s or early 1800s. Gavan Daws notes that Islanders were enthusiastic gamblers and took up card games with avidity, soon becoming quite skillful.

“(T)he only card game the people and chiefs had known before was ‘Nu‘uanu.’” (Kamakau) It seems the game had already filtered into the society, from ali‘i to makaʻāinana, by the early 19th century when ‘I‘i served Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and the high chiefs in the royal court.” (Chiba)

“Card playing was especially popular among members of royalty. Agents of the Hudson’s Bay Company, visiting Kamehameha and his son Liholiho in 1816, taught the future king how to play whist, then new to Hawai‘i.” (Schmitt) (Whist is a trick-taking card game involving trump cards.)

Missionaries note the regular card playing by ali‘i. “Part of the morning was spent in calling upon the queen (Ka‘ahumanu,) chiefesses, and I took with me one garment which we had completed for Kamamaloo.”

“I did not find her as when we called last Saturday. She was engaged, with a party, under a small booth, by the king’s door at a game of whist.” (Sybil Bingham, March 14, 1822)

(The game of whist is substantially the product of English soil, and its gradual development during more than two centuries, until it has all but arrived at maturity, is mainly due to British talent.”)

(“From England it was carried about a hundred and sixty years ago into the centres of Parisian life, and the diplomatists and financiers from other countries who resorted to that capital became subject to its influence, and introduced it into the cities of their own lands.”) (English Whist, 1894)

Back to Ka‘ahumanu … “Money was spread upon the mats upon which the company were seated. Cards engrossed their attention, while the nod of cold civility was all they could bestow upon us.”

“My long walk in the sun had caused some fatigue; but too many attendants surrounded to admit our having a seat under cover. Seeing that little prospect but that of standing as idle spectators of a vain amusement, we, without any formality, took our leave.”

“As I stood and looked upon the sable group of ignorant, unconcerned, yet precious immortals, thought of their indifference to the message of eternal mercy, and their entire devotions, not only to vain feat to sensual delights, my spirit seemed to faint within me.” (Sybil Bingham, March 14, 1822)

Sybil’s husband, Hiram Bingham, noted of Kaʻahumanu, “sometimes, a full length portrait of her dignity might have presented her stretched out prostrate on the same floor on which a large, black, pet hog was allowed, unmolested, to walk or lie and grunt, for the annoyance or amusement of the inmates.”

“She would amuse herself for hours at cards … Mrs B and myself called at her habitation, in the centre of Honolulu. She and several women of rank were stretched upon the mats, playing at cards, which were introduced before letters.”

“It was not uncommon for such groups to sit like tailors, or to lie full length with the face to the ground, the head a little elevated, the breast resting on a cylindrical pillow, the hands grasping and moving the cards, while their naked feet and toes extended in diverging lines towards the different sides or extremities of the room.”

“Being invited to enter the house, we took our seats without the accommodation of chairs, and waited till the game of cards was disposed of, when the wish was expressed to have us seated by her.”

“We gave her ladyship one of the little books, and drew her attention to the alphabet, neatly printed, in large and small Roman characters.” (Bingham)

Thus, Western card games such as whist, poker games, or so appear to have been already imported into Hawai‘i with other Western materials and goods probably by sailors by early 1800s just after the 1778 British landfall or Cook’s arrival, which was the Hawai’i’s first step into the evolving capitalistic economy. (Chiba)

“Pe-pa-ha-kau: Cards.—Foreign playing-cards are used. Poker is a favorite game. Five cards are dealt around and the highest hand wins. A player not getting a pair is out of the game. Pe-pa, ‘cards,’ is the English ‘paper.’ Ha-kau means ‘fighting.’” (Culin, 1899)

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Wall Nichols Card Set ca 1901