Peter T Young

May 28, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Kōkua Aku, Kōkua Mai

The following moʻolelo was told by Mary Kawena Pukui and published in the book titled, Tales of the Menehune – Help and be Helped.

This moʻolelo perpetuates the Hawaiian proverb, “kōkua aku, kōkua mai” (help and be helped.) In addition, it also brings attention to the importance of maintaining the resources of both land and sea. This moʻolelo is given below.

“Keoha, a canoe-maker of Hilo, had come to Puna. The trail was long, the day hot, and now Keoha stood looking longingly at a bunch of coconuts in a treetop.”

“‘Aloha, stranger! What are you looking at?’ A fisherman had stopped beside Keoha.”

“‘Those coconuts. Their cool milk would moisten my dry throat, and the meat of a tender young nut would taste very good.’”

“‘Come with me,’ the Puna fisherman invited. “’I have many coconuts and shall give you all you want. Come to my home.’”

“Keoha went gladly. The walk was long, but the Hilo man thought eagerly of the good food and drink that he could find. He hurried.”

“At last the fisherman stopped beside tall coco palms. ‘There are coconuts, stranger,’ he said smiling. ‘Help yourself.’”

“There they were indeed! High in the treetops! Years ago Keoha could have climbed one of those coco palms, but not now. ‘Thank you. I am no longer thirsty,’ he answered as he walked away.”

“A little later as he passed a group of houses the canoe-maker was called in. Boys climbed trees for coconuts, and Keoha and his hosts ate tender young nuts and drank cool milk. The stranger was refreshed and very grateful. These men became his friends.”

“The canoe-maker, however, did not forget the fisherman. ‘Someday I shall repay his kindness,’ he told himself.”

“Years later his chance came. The Puna man walked into the shed where Keoha was polishing a canoe. ‘My small fishing canoe was injured in a storm,’ he said. ‘I need another. Have you one?’”

“Keoha looked around. ‘Not here. These are all promised,’ he answered, speaking truly. ‘But there is one in the forest. Meet me early tomorrow, and I shall show you.’”

“Carrying food and water the two took the trail. The day grew hot, but they climbed on for the fisherman was eager to see his new canoe. “

“At last they reached the part of the forest where tall koa trees grew – the strong trees whose trunks can stand the beat of waves and scratch of pebbles.”

“Keoha looked from one to another of the great trees as he said, ‘Here are many canoes. Help yourself.’”

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Kokua Aku, Kokua Mai-koa trees – canoes-HWAP

May 23, 2016 by Peter T Young 6 Comments

William Francis James

“Dear Doctor (James) – I have taken this opportunity to express my heartiest appreciation and many thanks for the good treatment that I received at your hands while at the hospital for the last past three months.”

“I am enjoying sound health at present owing to your skilful medical attention given me and which I never, will forget.” (Hawaiian Star, December 7, 1909)
On the continent, the idea of unified, correlated national health services had been germinating slowly since the epidemic of yellow fever in 1793. Fast forward about a century … State Boards of Health were being organized in rapid succession.

In 1874 the National Association of State Health Commissioners was formed, and the obvious need for a central federal health agency became more and more apparent. Then in 1879, a National Board of Health was created.

In 1872, the small island off Iwilei in Honolulu Harbor – “Kamokuʻākulikuli” – became the site of a quarantine station used to handle the influx of immigrant laborers drawn to the islands’ developing sugar plantations.

The site is described as “little more than a raised platform of sand and pilings to house the station, with walkways leading to the harbor edge wharf, where a concrete sea wall had been constructed” and as “a low, swampy area on a reef in the harbor”. (Hawaiian Gazette, March 23, 1881)

By 1888, Kamokuʻākulikuli Island had been expanded and was known as “Quarantine Island.” If vessels arrived at the harbor after 15 days at sea and contagious disease was aboard, quarantine and disinfecting procedures were required at Quarantine Island. (Cultural Surveys)

At the request of the Territorial authorities an officer of the United States Public Health Service was detailed for duty as sanitary adviser to the Governor of Hawaii. (Journal of Public Health, 1913)

The work of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service in Hawaii was divided into four sections: quarantine operations; plague-preventive measures; immigration inspection; and marine-hospital relief.

“At Honolulu the service has a first-class quarantine and disinfecting station with a wharf capable of accommodating vessels of 35 feet draft. The quarantine station has accommodations for 75 cabin and 600 steerage passengers in the regular quarters and barracks.”

“In addition there are tent platforms of United States Army Regulation, 14 by 15 size, which can be made available at short notice for 1,280 soldiers, with the cooperation of the Quartermaster Department of the Army or of the Hawaiian National Guard. There is also tentage capacity on the island for at least as many more troops or other persons.”

“At Hilo the service maintains a second-class quarantine and disinfecting station with facilities for fumigating vessels by the sulphur-pot method. There is as yet no provision for handling numbers of persons in quarantine except on shipboard or by arrangement with the board of health for use of its quarters temporarily.”

“At the subports of Mahukona, Kahului, Lāhainā, Port Allen and Kōloa acting assistant surgeons of the service board and inspect incoming vessels.” (Surgeon General Annual Report, 1911)

Dredged materials from improvements to Honolulu harbor had enlarged Quarantine Island again and by 1906 the island was encircled by a seawall and was 38-acres. By 1908 the Quarantine Station consisted of Quarantine Island and the reclaimed land of the Quarantine wharf (with a causeway connecting the two.)

Quarantine Island (what is now referred to as Sand Island) became the largest United States quarantine station of the period, accommodating 2,255-individuals. This facility included two hospitals and a crematorium. (Cultural Surveys)

One of its residents was William Francis James. James was born in Darwhar, Bombay Presidency, India, November 11, 1860, the son of Cornelius Francis and Caroline Sophia James.

Dr William Francis James was married to Sarah Ellen “Helen” Robinson in San Antonio, Texas on June 16 1886. The couple were parents to eight children: William Walter James, Francis “Frank” Leicester James, Stella James, Caroline Ella “Cherie” James Morren, Sophie Ethel James Fase, Gracie James, Naomi James Jacobson Hart and Ruth James Lord. (Schnuriger)

James was a graduate physician (Tulane, 1893) and surgeon in private practice since 1888 in San Antonio Texas. He enlisted in the US Army in the Rough Riders, 1st Volunteer Cavalry during Spanish American War in 1898 and then came to the Islands in 1903 to work for the Public Health Service; his salary was $200 per month.

His duty as Acting Assistant Surgeon required him to board vessels wanting to enter the port of Honolulu and examine their passengers and crew and ascertain if there are any diseases there among that would prevent the vessel from entering the port. (US Circuit Court of Appeals)

“(W)e treat free of charge all sailors on United States boats, and also hospital treatment and outdoor patients treatment, and boarding vessels for the purpose of examining the crew and passengers on board the boats as to their health, and contagious diseases especially.” (James)

His services went beyond medicine … “Voicing the unanimous sentiment of the Japanese community, the members of the Japanese Hotel Union of Honolulu desire to express their deep appreciation of the heroic act …”

“… by which a Japanese woman, Sei Shibata, was saved by you from drowning in Honolulu harbor on the 23rd of September, 1912.” (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 3, 1912)

“Plunging into waters infested with sharks, Acting Assistant Surgeon WF James, of the public health service, stationed at Honolulu, rescued a Japanese woman from drowning on September 23.”

“The Young brothers’ launch Water-witch with visiting newspapermen was soon at the scene, and the woman and her brave rescuers were hauled aboard. From the launch they were transferred to the ‘Korea.’ Drs Trotter and James worked over the woman for some time before she was restored to consciousness.” (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 24, 1912)

“(James) was lauded for bravery by Secretary of the Treasury MacVeagh, who yesterday called attention to his ‘humanitarian and unselfish action.’ Dr James was formerly a Roosevelt Rough Rider.” (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 4, 1912) He died May 23, 1944 in Honolulu.

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Sand Island Wharf-Dr. William F. James and family (heavenlycolors)

William_Francis_James

Dr William F James with his wife Sarah Robinson James

Quarantine Station-Dr William F James with his wife Sarah Robinson James-(heavenlycolors)

Immigration Quarantine Station (Sand Island)-PP-10-4-001-00001

Immigration Quarantine Station (Sand Island)-PP-10-3-021-00001

Japanese_Coming_Off_Ship-causeway on Sand Island-(HSA)-PP-46-4-005-00001

Immigration Quarantine Station (Sand Island)-PP-10-3-030-00001

Honolulu Harbor-light-quarantine station-PP-40-3-008

Honolulu Harbor Light Station (L) and the Quarantine docks (R)

Honolulu-USGS_Quadrangle-Honolulu-1927-noting Quarantine Island

Honolulu_USGS_Quadrangle-Honolulu-1933-noting Quarantine Island

Honolulu_Harbor_to_Diamond_Head-Wall-Reg1690-1893-noting Quarantine Island

May 19, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Early History of the Judiciary

The early history of the Hawaiian Judiciary may be divided into three periods: the first, which may be briefly described as the period of absolute government, extending from the earliest migrations of Hawaiians to the Islands (about 1000 to 1840.)

Pā‘ao (CA 1300,) from Kahiki (Tahiti,) is reported to have introduced (or significantly expanded) a religious and political code in old Hawai‘i, collectively called the kapu system. This forbid many things and demanded many more, with many infractions being punishable by death.

Anything connected with the gods and their worship was considered sacred, such as idols, heiau and priests. Because chiefs were believed to be descendants of the gods, many kapu related to chiefs and their personal possessions.

While the social order defined very strict societal rules, exoneration was possible if one could reach a puʻuhonua (place of refuge) and be cleansed, as well as cleared by a kahuna (priest).

The puʻuhonua was especially important in times of war as a refuge for women and children, as well as warriors from the defeated side.

The second period of the early judicial system, a period that is referenced as the time of constitutional government, extending from 1840 to 1893; the third is a brief transitional time (through the Provisional government and Republic) leading to association with the United States (Territory and now State.)

During the first period, the system of government was solely through the actions of the high Chief. Under this system all functions of government, executive, legislative and judicial, were by the paramount chief (with advice from his council of chiefs, kahuna and other advisors.)

At the time of Cook’s arrival (1778-1779), the Hawaiian Islands were divided into four kingdoms: (1) the island of Hawaiʻi under the rule of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, who also had possession of the Hāna district of east Maui; (2) Maui (except the Hāna district,) Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi and Kahoʻolawe, ruled by Kahekili; (3) Oʻahu, under the rule of Kahahana; and at (4) Kauaʻi and Niʻihau, Kamakahelei was ruler.

The Judiciary was established during the reign of Kamehameha I (1789-1819) with three grades of courts: the National or Supreme, presided over by the King; the Island or Superior, presided over by the respective Governors.

There were two classes of District or Inferior Courts, presided over by the under-Chiefs and the Tax Officers respectively, with concurrent jurisdiction as to territory but different as to subject matter.

The Judicial divisions were also established during this period: the Islands of Oahu (1st Circuit) and Hawaii (3rd Circuit) each constituting one and the Islands of Maui (2nd Circuit) and Kauai (4th Circuit) with their adjacent smaller islands, respectively, constituting the others.

These divisions remained unchanged until the Act of 1892 to reorganize the judiciary went into effect January 1, 1893, when the Island of Hawaii was divided into two circuits, the Third and the Fourth, and Kauai which formerly constituted, with its adjacent islands, the Fourth Circuit, was designated as the Fifth. (Lydecker) (Hawai‘i Island later consolidated into the 3rd Circuit and Kauai went back to being the 4th Circuit.)

The Constitution of 1840 provided for the Executive, Legislative and Judicial divisions of the government, but was not very clear as to the powers of each. Under it the Island Courts continued to be held by the respective Governors more by custom than by the express language of the Constitution.

The Constitution empowered the Governors to appoint the Judges, as was done by the Governors of Hawaii and Kauai in 1844, when special judges were appointed for foreign cases and by Governor Kekūanāoʻa of O‘ahu, when, on September 19, 1845, he appointed Lorrin Andrews to act as his substitute in all such cases.

The Supreme Court was established by the Constitution of 1840, which provided that the King should be the Chief Judge of the Supreme Court. Also ‘The Representative body shall appoint four persons whose duty it shall be to aid the King and Premier, and these six persons shall constitute the Supreme Court of the Kingdom.’

The Act of 1846 to Organize the Executive Departments provided that until the passage of an Act to Organize the Judiciary Department, there should be appointed one or more judges to sit at Honolulu, with original jurisdiction in cases involving over one hundred dollars in value, and appellate jurisdiction in all other cases from all the local courts of the Kingdom in cases involving less than one hundred dollars in value.

Under this act Lorrin Andrews was appointed June 24, 1846, as one of the judges, and on November 30 of that year William L Lee as another, the two to act jointly or severally. These appointments were to hold until the passing of the Act to Organize the Judiciary. This Court was the forerunner of the Supreme Court as now established.

The Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands was established by the Act of September 7, 1847 to Organize the Judiciary, and was first designated as the Superior Court. Previous to the establishment of Territorial Government, Justices of the Supreme Court held life commissions.

The Organic Act fixed a stated term of four years, subject to removal by the President of the United States. Now Justices are appointed for an initial ten-year term; after initial appointment, the Judicial Selection Commission determines whether a justice will be retained in office. A justice may not serve past age 70.)

Under the Act of 1847 to Organize the Judiciary Department, the Circuit Courts, to some extent, took the place of the former Governors’ Courts. In each circuit there were to be two judges.

The Constitution of 1852 provided for their appointment of judges by the King with the approval of the Privy Council. Under the Constitution of 1864 (promulgated by the King upon his own authority) the appointing power was vested solely in the King.

The Attorney General’s Department was organized by the Act approved April 27, 1846. The Legislature of 1862 passed an Act providing that the King may appoint an Attorney-General, and the Constitution of 1864 made the appointment compulsory.

By 1866, the need for a new courthouse government building in the Hawaiian Kingdom was apparent. The old courthouse, completed in 1852, accommodated not only the judicial needs, but also served as the reception hall for diplomatic ceremonies and official social functions.

On February 19, 1872, Kamehameha V laid the cornerstone for the new building, Ali’iolani Hale. The use of concrete blocks, a fairly new building material, “infinitely superior for both durability and ornament,” was recommended and accepted by Public Works.

To increase the work force, convicts were brought from the prison and made to labor on the project. In 1874, during the reign of King Kalākaua, the building was finally completed.

Today, Ali’iolani Hale houses the Supreme Court of Hawai`i, the court administration offices, a law library, and the Judiciary History Center.

Open to the general public and welcoming visits from classroom students, the Judiciary History Center reflects the unique legal and judicial history of our islands from the days of kapu law to the present – from chiefs to monarchy to statehood.

The image shows Ali‘iolani Hale in 1875, shortly after it was completed. The King Kamehameha Statue that now stands in front of the building was unveiled on February 14, 1883, during the coronation ceremonies for King Kalākaua. (Lots of information here is from Thayer, Lydecker and Judiciary History Center.)

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8-Aliiolani_Hale-1875

May 18, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Alexander House Settlement

The Hawaiian settlement house movement was a smaller version of the American movement best represented by Chicago’s Hull House. Staffed by members of the middle class, these institutions sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country.

The word ‘settlement’ had connotations of the frontier middle-class ‘settling’ in the inner city. Settlement houses in Hawai‘i and the US offered educational services, staged community events, build libraries and in general tried to enhance the lives of their neighborhoods.

Behind the settlement house effort was the progressive belief in the importance of social cohesion, the belief that individuals are not autonomous but part of a web of social relationships and that welfare of any single person is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. (Castle)

“The ‘Settlement’ as developed both in England and the United States is concerned with the social and moral well-being of its community in both concrete and spiritual form.”

“But since its field is among people of many races and creeds and of widely different economic standing it cannot restrict itself by adhering to any channel of dogma or belief which represents only a portion of the community. Like any rule this one has its exceptions, but that is the general principle upon which a Settlement must work if it wishes to be a community organization.”

“The Settlement field is that of applied social science; what we might call the firing line of our social, political, and economic theory.”

“This field always represents the frontier between the great body of theory and principle and the great body of condition and fact – applying, adapting and proving or disproving the one to the other by concrete expression. That is the field and the fundamental principle adopted by the Alexander House Settlement.” (The Friend, December 1922)

The precursor of the Alexander House Settlement was a Chinese Mission located in Wailuku to which Miss Charlotte L Turner came to take charge in 1893.

After seven years of this work Miss Turner and Miss NG Malone, also formerly a mission worker on Maui, were on a vacation in the East and while visiting ‘Settlements’ in Chicago, New York and Boston conceived the idea of establishing a settlement on Maui. Both returned to Wailuku and went to work to put this idea into concrete form.

These two finally secured contributions enough to start building and also secured the land upon which to build. The land, about two acres, was deeded by the “Directors of the Wailuku Sugar Co. to the Hawaiian Board of Missions for Educational, and Christian work only,” reversion to the Sugar Company when no longer so used being a part of the deed.

In 1900 work was begun. No stone was left unturned to help along in the good work. Prison labor was given by the county. Even the Mission workers (Miss Turner and her assistants), literally “by the sweat of their brows” with hoes and other implements did a share of the work. (The Friend, December 1922)

The first building erected was known as the “Settlement Building” and was situated on the corner of Main and Market streets. It was completed and opened in 1900, its main use being for a kindergarten.

The name “Alexander House Settlement” was chosen as Miss Turner says because “It was customary to name them (settlements) after the men and women whose lives had been consecrated to the uplift of humanity, hence, the name ‘Alexander House’ after ‘William and Mary Alexander’ the influence of whose lives is still felt on Maui, and throughout the Islands and whose names we love to honor.”

The settlement house should not be confused with the former Alexander home of missionaries William and Mary Alexander farther up Main Street in Wailuku.

After the Settlement began functioning, it was found necessary to build a residence for the workers and the present residence was erected in 1901. In 1909 they added a gymnasium and swimming tank (pool) and bowling alley.

A reading room was finally opened, papers were subscribed, books were donated and finally a Library Association was formed which enlarged the library and each year raised enough money to keep the “Library” open at stated hours afternoons and evenings. From this effort has grown the Maui County Free Public Library.

In 1916 land was also acquired on which to build a tennis court; later a second court was constructed and then four more. In 1919, a new field, or rather a new organization of its field of endeavor, gave the Settlement a much larger scope.

At this time the plantations entered into an agreement whereby their welfare work was put under the general supervision of the Settlement. (The Friend, December 1922)

The Alexander Settlement served as the address of the Maui Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) recruitment office from 1934 to 1941; the CCC later changed to the “TH Employment Service, Wailuku, Maui.”

Throughout the years of its existence, Alexander House hosted concerts, parties and entertainments as fundraising events. Community outreach programs in health care and physical education were developed by Alexander House and the complex housed the Chamber of Commerce, the Red Cross, Community Chest and other public service groups.

Later, the Alexander House Settlement’s kindergarten and land was transformed into a United Service Organization (USO.) By 1950, Alexander House closed its doors and was replaced by the National Dollar Store and by American Security bank. (Later the corner bank site was redeveloped as an office building.)

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Alexander House Settlement

Alexander House, Kindergarten Class, Wailuku, 1903

Alexander House_Settlement

Alexander House

Alexander House Settlement-Sewing Class-1903

Alexander House Settlement-Kindergarten group-1903

Alexander House Settlement-Japanese Kindergarten group-1903

Alexander House Wailuku

Alexander House-Wailuku

Alexander House Settlement-Workers House-1903

Alexander House Settlement Church-Maui News

National Dollar Store 1960

May 17, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Salvaging Oklahoma

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was planned as the initial step of their Pacific campaign. Admiral Isoruku, then Commander-in-Chief, Combined Fleet, supposedly originated the plan in early-1941.

The force assembled 2 battleships, 6 carriers, 3 cruisers, approximately 20 destroyers and 5 submarines, including midgets which were carried by mother submarines.

The force departed at 6 am, November 26, Japan time, and set an indirect northern course for the next rendezvous, 200 miles north of Oahu. On December 6, when the force was still 800 miles north of O‘ahu; it received the long awaited code message to proceed with the attack.

When the Japanese attacked, 86 vessels, including 8 battleships, 7 cruisers, 28 destroyers and 5 submarines, plus the usual complement of small craft, were based in the harbor (there were no aircraft carriers moored at Pearl Harbor at the time.)

When the onslaught subsided, nearly every ship bore scars. One of the worst damaged, the Oklahoma, was salvaged by one of the most complex operations in history. (Morris) Salvage efforts concentrated on the least damaged ships first, the Oklahoma was one of the last ships to receive serious attention.

The Oklahoma was, at the time of the attack, located outboard of the battleship Maryland, which was moored alongside Ford Island. She was struck on the port side by four to nine torpedoes, which caused the ship to capsize quickly and come to rest on the bottom at an angle of over 150-degrees from upright.

The righting and refloating of the capsized battleship Oklahoma was the largest of the Pearl Harbor salvage jobs, and the most difficult. Because the Oklahoma was old and very badly damaged, future active service was not seriously contemplated. The salvage effort focused on clearing an important mooring berth for further use.

Refloating operations were commenced by installing four independent patches in breaches of the hull, the largest of which consisted of five sections and was 130 ft long by 57 ft high.

The external structure served to reinforce the patch, which consisted of 4-in. thick siding sealed with packing materials. The sections were secured to the sides by means of hook bolts installed in holes burned by divers through the damaged shell of the ship. The patches were sealed by means of concrete poured into forms along the bottom and up both ends.

Fuel oil, ammunition and some machinery were removed to lighten the ship. Coral fill was placed alongside her bow to ensure that the ship would roll, and not slide, when pulling began.

Oklahoma’s port side had been largely torn open by Japanese torpedoes, and a series of patches had to be installed. Divers worked in and around her to make the hull as airtight as possible; their work was critical to the salvage success.

They wore deep-sea diving dresses weighing 185-lbs, and worked for many hours several hundred feet from access openings. All of this was done in total darkness, underwater lamps being of no use because of the excessively murky water.

All in all, about 6000-individual dives were made, during salvage operations at Pearl Harbor, averaging approximately four hours per dive.

An extensive system of righting frames (or “bents”) and cable anchors was installed on the ship’s hull, twenty-one large winches (the winches were powered by motors from Honolulu street cars) were firmly mounted on nearby Ford Island, and cables were rigged between ship and shore. (Navy)

The Oklahoma capsized in a position parallel to the shore. Righting operations involved the use of 21 five hp DC motor-driven winches, each of which, through two 17-part tackles, applied an approximately horizontal force transverse to the ship.

To allow turning moments, pendants extending from the outer blocks were secured to the tips of 21 40-ft-high “A” frames mounted on the above-water portion of the starboard bilge.

The first pull began on March 8, 1943, the final pull was on May 20, 1943 – it took 74-days to turn the ship over. She was floated by pumping air into air-tight compartments and pumping water out of the hull.

The ship came afloat in early November 1943, and was drydocked in late December. Once in Ship Yard hands, Oklahoma’s most severe structural damage was repaired sufficiently to make her watertight.

Guns, some machinery, and the remaining ammunition and stores were taken off. After several months in Drydock Number Two, the ship was again refloated and moored elsewhere in Pearl Harbor

The Oklahoma was later sold to the Moore Drydock Co of Oakland, California, for scrapping. On May 17, 1947, while under tow, the Oklahoma sank 540-miles out of Pearl Harbor with no one on board.

In the attack on Pearl Harbor, there were 2,402 US deaths from the attack. 1,177 of those deaths were from the USS Arizona, while 429 of the deaths were from the USS Oklahoma (14 Marines and 415 Sailors.)

Thirty-five crew members were positively identified and buried in the years immediately after the attack. By 1950, all unidentified remains were laid to rest as unknowns at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.

Recently, the Defense Department recovered for identification and return to families the last of 388 sailors and Marines killed on the battleship USS Oklahoma on December 7, 1941, and later buried as “unknowns” in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific at Punchbowl. (Lots of information here is from Navy, Morris and USSOklahoma-com.)

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