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September 10, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Early Battles Leading to Unification

I came across a summary (that also had some expanded explanatory notes) on early battles that Kamehameha was involved with – effectively from about 1760 to the mid-1780s. (You can put some time context to these – these were about the time of the American Revolutionary War.)

I liked the formatting and summary nature of the descriptions, including the who, what, where, when and why, and result. These are included here as presented by Harrington (with some editing for formatting purposes.)

Battle #1—Hilo Warriors of Alapaʻinui Defeat Kaʻū Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu Near Hilo
Who: The Kaʻū warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, including his kahu Puna, Kekūhaupiʻo, and Keawemauhili vs. the Hilo warriors of Alapaʻinui and chiefs loyal to Alapaʻinui, including Keawe‘ōpala, Keaweāheulu, and the three sons of Keawepoepoe (Kameʻeiamoku, Kamanawa and Keʻeaumoku.)
Where: Near Hilo, Hawai‘i Island.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks to avenge Alapa‘inui’s poisoning of Keōuanui, the father of Kamehameha, and take Kamehameha from Alapa‘inui’s court in Hilo and bring him to his own court in Kaʻū.
When: Kamehameha is about ten years old.
Result: Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s forces suffer many deaths and are put to flight by the warriors of Alapaʻinui.

Battle #2—Kaʻū Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu Defeat Hilo Warriors of Keawe‘ōpala and Keʻeaumoku Inland of Kawaihae.
Who: The Kaʻū warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu vs. the Hilo warriors of Keawe‘ōpala, allied with Keʻeaumoku.
Where: Inland of Kawaihae on Hawai‘i Island, between Keʻei and Hōnaunau.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks revenge for his earlier military defeat by the warrior forces of Alapaʻinui.
When: c.1760. Some years after previous battle; after death of Alapaʻinui.
Result: After a battle lasting several days, Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s forces are victorious. A turning point in this battle is the death of Keawe‘ōpala’s kahuna nui Ka‘akau. Keawe‘ōpala is also killed. Keʻeaumoku flees to Maui, and Kalaniʻōpuʻu rules over all of Hawai‘i Island. Kamehameha returns to Kaʻū to live in the court of his makua kāne mō‘ī Kalaniʻōpuʻu.

Battle #3—Kamehameha and Hawai‘i Island Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu Defeat Maui Warriors of Kahekili at Fortification of Kaʻuiki at Hāna and Nearby Village of Kaupō: The Plunder of Kaupō.
Who: The Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu (with Kamehameha) vs. the Maui warriors of Kahekili.
Where: Fortification of Kaʻuiki at Hāna, Maui; nearby village of Kaupō.
Why: To regain control of the Hāna fort.
When: c.1775.
Result: Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s forces are victorious over the Maui warriors and retake the Hāna fort. Kalaniʻōpuʻu orders his warriors to plunder the people of Kaupō and many innocent people are killed.

Battle #4—Battle of Kalaeokaʻīlio—The Cape of the Dog: Maui Warriors of Kahekili Defeat Hawai‘i Island Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu at Kaupō.
Who: The Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu (including Kamehameha) vs. the Maui warriors of Kahekili.
Where: Kaupō, Maui.
Why: Kahekili is angered by the killing of his people at Kaupō, Maui and seeks revenge against Kalaniʻōpuʻu.
When: c.1775.
Result: Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s forces are outnumbered and flee the battlefield, suffering many deaths. This is the first major battle of the rising warrior Kamehameha, and during the fighting he shows fearlessness and bravery by coming to the rescue of his war instructor Kekūhaupiʻo

Battle #5—Kamehameha and Kekūhaupiʻo Defeat Maui Warriors of Kahekili Near Papawai Point
Who: Kamehameha and Kekūhaupiʻo vs. the Maui warriors of Kahekili.
Where: Near Papawai Point, Maui.
Why: Maui warriors try to prevent Kamehameha and Kekūhaupiʻo from landing their canoe.
When: Same day as #6; time overlaps with Battle #6
Result: Kamehameha and Kekūhaupiʻo are vastly outnumbered yet they defeat the Maui warriors and force them to flee.

Battle #6— Battle of the Sand Dunes—Pi‘ipi‘i and ‘Ālapa Heaped Up at Kakanilua: Maui Warriors of Kahekili and O‘ahu Warriors of Kahahana Defeat Hawai‘i Island Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s Chiefly Army of Keawe at Wailuku.
Who: The Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s Chiefly Army of Keawe (‘Ālapa and Pi‘ipi‘i armies) including Kekūhaupiʻo, Kalanimanoiokaho‘owa, Nae‘ole, ‘Īmakakoloa, Kānekoa, Nu‘uanupā‘ahu, Nanuekaleiōpū, Keaweaheulu, and Keawemauhili as well as Kameʻeiamoku, and Kamanawa. vs. the Maui warriors of Kahekili supported by the O‘ahu warriors of Kahahana.
Where: Inland at Wailuku, Maui.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks to avenge his earlier defeat to Kahekili’s forces at Kaupō, Maui.
Result: All of Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s Chiefly Army of Keawe is slain by the Maui and O‘ahu warriors, except for two messengers who bring the news to Kalaniʻōpuʻu.

Battle #7—Maui Warriors of Kahekili and O‘ahu Warriors of Kahahana Defeat Hawai‘i Island Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu Near Wailuku.
Who: The Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu vs. the Maui warriors of Kahekili and the O‘ahu warriors of Kahahana.
Where: Near Wailuku, Maui.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks to avenge the slaughter of his Pi‘ipi‘i and ‘Ālapa warriors at Wailuku.
Result: The Hawai‘i Island warriors are overpowered and flee the battlefield. They are not pursued by the Maui and O‘ahu warriors, who also suffer many losses.

Battle #8—Warriors of Maui Ruler Kahekili Defeat Hawai‘i Island Warriors on Molokai.
Who: Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu vs. warriors of the Maui ruler Kahekili.
Where: Kalae, Molokai.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks to avenge the death of his ‘Ālapa and Pi‘ipi‘i armies at Wailuku, Maui.
When: One year after peace accord between Kahekili and Kalaniʻōpuʻu.
Result: Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s warriors are again defeated.

Battle #9—Hawai‘i Island Warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu and Kamehameha’s Hunalele and Huelokū Warriors Defeat the Maui and O‘ahu Warriors of Kahekili and Kahahana in Hakalau.
Who: The Hawai‘i Island warriors of Kalaniʻōpuʻu, including Kamehameha’s Hunalele and Huelokū warriors mostly from Kohala and Waimea vs. the Maui and O‘ahu warriors of Kahekili and Kahahana.
Where: Hakalau in the Hilo district of Hawai‘i Island.
Why: Kalaniʻōpuʻu seeks to avenge the slaughter of his Pi‘ipi‘i and ‘Ālapa warriors at Wailuku.
Result: Kalaniʻōpuʻu’s Hawai‘i Island warriors are victorious. Kaihe is killed by Kekūhaupiʻo, and the Maui and O‘ahu warriors flee the battlefield.

Battle #10—Battle of Mokuʻōhai—Kamehameha’s Warriors of Kohala, Kona, and Waimea Defeat Hilo, Puna, Kaʻū, and Hāmākua Warriors of Kīwala‘ō and Keawemauhili on Plain of Mokuʻōhai.
Who: Kīwala‘ō’s army led by the twins Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula and Keōuape‘e‘ale and supported by the Hilo warriors of Keawemauhili and the Puna warriors of Ahia, along with warriors of Kaʻū and Hāmākua vs. Kamehameha’s army of warriors mostly from Kohala, Kona, and Waimea. Chiefs allied with Kamehameha and Kekūhaupiʻo are Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiaheahe, Keaweaheulu, Keaweokahikona, Kawelookalani, Kala‘imamahū, and Kamehameha’s younger brother Keli‘imaika‘i, as well as Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa, the sacred twins of Kekaulike.
Where: Plain of Mokuʻōhai between Hōnaunau and Keʻei.
Why: Aggressive acts by Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula against Kīwala‘ō for denying him land lead to an alliance between Kīwala‘ō and Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula against Kamehameha.
When: 1782
Result: Kīwala‘ō is killed by Keʻeaumoku and Kamehameha’s warriors are victorious. Kamehameha gains control of Kona, Kohala, and part of Hāmākua while Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula rules over Kaʻū and part of Puna, and Keawemauhili rules over Hilo and parts of Hāmākua and Puna.

Battle #11—Battle of the Bitter Rain—Kaua Kaua‘awa: Kamehameha’s Palena, Mahi, Huelokū, and Hunalele Warriors Defeat Hilo, Kaʻū, and Puna Warriors of Keawemauhili and Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula and Maui Warriors of Kahekili from Pū‘āinakō to Pua‘aloa.
Who: Kamehameha’s 20,000 warriors, including his Palena, Mahi, Huelokū, and Hunalele army divisions vs. the warriors of Hilo, Kaʻū, and Puna under the Hilo and Kaʻū rulers Keawemauhili and Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula, later supported by the Maui warriors of Kahekili, who were led by Kahāhāwai.
Where: Begins near Pū‘āinakō and ranges as far as Pā‘ie‘ie and Pua‘aloa in Hilo.
Why: Kaha‘i [Keahia] asks Kamehameha to attack Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula to avenge the death of Kaha‘i’s brother, Kānekoa.
When: c.1783
Result: After three days of fighting, Kamehameha’s forces are winning the battle against the Hilo, Kaʻū, and Puna warriors of Keawemauhili and Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula. Then the Maui warriors of Kahāhāwai arrive and join the battle against Kamehameha’s warriors, who are forced to retreat.

Battle #12—Kamehameha’s Mahi Warriors Led by Kaʻiana Defeat Pōniu and Pukeawe Armies of Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula Above Kainaliu.
Who: Kamehameha’s Mahi army of 2,000 warriors led by Kaʻiana, with reinforcements of 2,000 warriors arriving from South Kona vs. Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula’s Pōniu and Pukeawe armies.
Where: Above Kainaliu.
Why: To prevent Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula from attacking rear of Kamehameha’s forces as Kamehameha’s warriors attack Keawemauhili at Hilo.
Result: The Mahi warriors gain the advantage over Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula’s Pōniu warriors and then Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula directly leads his Pukeawe army to assist in the fight, outnumbering the Mahi army and gaining the advantage. Kamehameha sends reinforcements from South Kona, and Keōuakū‘ahu‘ula warriors are forced to retreat.

Battle #13—Battle of Hāpuʻu: Kamehameha’s Waimea Warriors with Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiaheahe Defeat Kahekili’s Maui Warriors Led by Manonoikauakāpekulani from Hālawa Uplands to the Sea.
Who: Kamehameha’s army of 2,000 warriors, mostly from Waimea, and including Keʻeaumoku vs. Kahekili’s Maui warriors led by the aliʻi Manonoikauakāpekulani.
Where: Beginning in the Hālawa uplands and moving to the shore.
Why: An invasion of Kohala by Kahekili’s Maui warriors led by Manonoikauakāpekulani causes Kamehameha to attack these invaders of his homeland.
When: c.1785.
Result: The battle lasts for two days and Kamehameha’s side prevails. Manonoikauakāpekulani is offered as a sacrifice at the heiau of Moʻokini.

Battle #14—Battle of Laupāhoehoe Two: Kīpu‘upu‘u and Malana Warriors of Kamehameha and Kamehameha’s Canoe Fleet Led by Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiaheahe Defeat Hilo and Hāmākua Warriors of Keawemauhili at Hāmākua o Kupapaulau and from Maulua to Kealakekua at Hāmākua
Who: Kamehameha’s Kīpu‘upu‘u army (led by Nanuekaleiōpū); Kamehameha’s Malana army (led directly by Kamehameha); and Kamehameha’s canoe fleet (led by Keʻeaumoku) vs. Keawemauhili’s Hilo and Hāmākua warriors led by the Honohina chief Kalino, and other warriors of Keawemauhili led by the chief Kainea of Kapehu.
Where: Two major battles occur.
Battle One: The battle of Kamehameha’s Kīpu‘upu‘u army under Nanuekaleiōpū against Keawemauhili’s Hilo and Hāmākua warriors led by the Honohina chief Kalino begins at Kaholo, at Hāmākua o Kupapaulau.
Battle Two: The battle of Kamehameha’s Malana army begins in Kapehu, where Kekuapāni‘o’s warriors proficient in the use of slings meet Keawemauhili’s warriors led by the Kapehu chief Kainea, and this battle ranges from Maulua to Kealakekua at Hāmākua.
Why: Kamehameha is angered at the killing of his aliʻi watchman Lononuiākea stationed at Laupāhoehoe. These killings are committed by Pīna‘au and Kauwehanehane, two of Keawemauhili’s chiefs, and are considered an act of war by Keawemauhili against Kamehameha, who had previously gained control of Laupāhoehoe in a battle against Kahekili’s warriors.
Result of Battle One: Kamehameha’s Kīpu‘upu‘u warriors led by Nanuekaleiōpū are victorious over Keawemauhili’s warriors of Hilo and Hāmākua after two days and nights of fighting. Keawemauhili’s warriors flee the battlefield with Kamehameha’s warriors in pursuit.
Result of Battle Two: In a separate battle, Kamehameha’s Malana army led by Kamehameha emerges victorious after three days of fierce fighting against Keawemauhili’s warriors under Kainea, who flee the battlefield. The three aliʻi responsible for the earlier deaths of Kamehameha’s men at Laupāhoehoe are killed.

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September 9, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

The Lady and Emma

Jane Franklin (1791-1875), was born on December 4, 1791, the daughter of John Griffin, a wealthy silk weaver, of London, and Mary, née Guillemard. In 1828, she married (as his second wife) John Franklin, an explorer trying to map out the Northwest Passage.

On April 29, 1829, John was knighted by George IV and the same year awarded the first Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France. Franklin was governor of Tasmania for a while before heading out on his next Canadian Arctic expedition. (Franklin had spent three winters in the Arctic without sending word back home; Jane began to get worried.)

In 1848 the search for Franklin and his crew began. In 1849 Jane’s panic began and she dedicated her life and resources to trying to find her missing husband and his crew. Later a journal was found that said that Franklin had died on June 11th, 1847.

While monitoring her husband’s rescue trips and waiting for news she became well-acquainted with the Hawai‘i royal family. En route to the Sandwich Islands Lady Jane and Sophia Cracroft, her niece, went around South America and stopped in California.

In 1861, Robert Crichton Wyllie, Minister of Foreign Affairs, hosted a visit by Lady Jane Franklin, a lively, energetic 69 year old who delighted the 63 year old Wyllie.

He housed her in a spacious apartment at Rosebank. It appears that the confirmed bachelor was rather smitten with Lady Jane. Wyllie was taken with the idea that she should visit Princeville and she quickly agreed.

“We passed here twelve delightful days of unbroken repose, free from bustle, interruption, and fatigue – pray don’t imagine that this means in indolence …”

“… the very reverse is the fact – we read, wrote, drew, sewed, while drinking in the perfume of the flowers such as are cherished in conservatories at home, revelling in beauty which could never satiate, because ever changing.” (Miss Sophia Cracroft, 1861; Harrington)

Wyllie arranged for the ladies to be presented to King Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. The friendship that developed was very beneficial for Lady Jane, who had open access to the palace. (Kauai Historical Society)

They discussed a wide range of topics. Lady Jane and her niece were very involved with social events of the community, attending musicals, teas, receptions, excursions into the country side and dances.

Next, Lady Jane went to California for a brief time then returned to Hawai‘i to visit the royal family when en route to Japan. Again she was the guest of Robert Wyllie at Rosebank. From Hawai‘i she proceeded to Calcutta before making her way home to England.

Although Lady Jane never returned to Hawai‘I, she maintained close contact with Queen Emma and Robert Wyllie through correspondence. In 1864 Lady Jane wintered in Spain but hurried back to England to host a visit from Queen Emma. (Kauai Historical Society)

To win support for an Anglican mission to Hawai‘i, where Lady Jane was concerned that British should replace American influence, she acted as hostess in her London home to Queen Emma. (Woodward)

“(S)he was received with great kindness by the ‘royal family,’ and is now repaying it by having ‘the Queen’ and her retinue to live with her; though our Queen has placed her apartments at Clarges’ Hotel at the Sandwich Island Queen’s disposition.”

“(Queen Emma) is a charming young woman, in spite of the tinge of black – or rather green. Large black, beautiful eyes, a lovely smile, great intelligence, both of face and manner, a musical, true voice, a perfect English accent.” (Jane W Carlyle to Welch)

“The queen is the widow of the late King of the Sandwich Islands, Kamehameha IV., to whom she was married in 1856. Her only child died in the year 1862; and the throne is now filled by her husband’s brother, with the title of Kamehameha V.”

“The Queen Dowager Emma is partly of Hawaiian and partly of European race; her father was one of the native chieftains, and her mother was a granddaughter of John Young, one of the companions of Vancouver.”

“She has come to England on a visit to Lady Franklin, for the purpose of interesting the friends of English Church missions in the welfare of the Christians among her own people, which ought to be no matter of surprise, when it is known that her husband was the Hawaiian king who invited the planting in his dominions of a branch of the English Church …”

“… the king, who himself translated the English Prayer-book into the native language, and wrote the preface to it, which the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge have published as one of their own tracts.”

“It must not be imagined that, though Queen Emma has come to England on a visit to Lady Franklin, that she is confined alone to the residence of that distinguished lady.”

“She has also been the guest of Mr JF Batemen, of Moor Park, near Farnham, Surrey. The spot is not only one of romantic beauty, but the house itself was formerly the residence of Sir William Temple and Dean Swift.”

“While staying with Lady Franklin, Queen Emma visited the Duke of York‘s Military School at Chelsea. During her visit to Mr. Buteman, she visited all the interesting places round Farnham, including Aldershott Camp”.

“At the time that she was on a visit to the Rev. Mr. Keble, at Hursley, in Hampshir she went to see Winchester, when the bells of the ol cathedral rang peals of welcome during her stay, and on her way through the Close to Archdeacon Utterton’s, she was greeted with a succession of cheers.” (London Journal, September 30, 1865)

On September 9th, Queen Emma and Queen Victoria met. The British Queen noted in her Journal: “After luncheon I received Queen Emma, the widowed Queen of the Sandwich Islands of Hawai‘i. Met her in the Corridor & nothing could be nicer or more dignified than her manner.”

“She was dressed in just the same widow’s weeds as I wear. I took her into the White Drawingroom, where I asked her to sit down next to me on the sofa. She was much moved when I spoke of her great misfortune in losing her husband and only child.”

“She was very discreet and would only remain a few minutes. She presented her lady, [Mrs. Hoapili] whose husband is her Chaplain, both being Hawaiians.” (Queen Victoria; Hackler)

Note, at this time, the three women were widows: Lady Jane Franklin learned of her husband’s death in 1854; Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria died December 14, 1861; and Prince Albert, Kamehameha Iv and Emma’s only son died August 27, 1862 and Kamehameha IV died November 30, 1863.

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Lady_Jane_Franklin

Sophia_Cracroft

Lady-Jane-Franklin

Queen_Emma_and_Kamehameha_IV-between 1856 and 1863

Queen_Emma_in_Washington-1865

Queen_Victoria,_photographed_by_George_Washington_Wilson-WC-1863

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Sir_John_Franklin

September 8, 2016 by Peter T Young 2 Comments

‘Oʻopu Nōpili

The five native freshwater fish of Hawai‘i are referred to as ‘o‘opu. Scientifically, they are actually two distinct families. The family Gobiidae (Goby – one of the largest fish families in the world) includes four species of ʻoʻopu, the nakea, naniha, nōpili and ‘alamo‘o. The ʻoʻopu ‘akupa is in the Eleotridae family. (Wascher)

All species of Hawaiian ʻoʻopu begin their life in the streams. Newly hatched larvae are swept out into the ocean, where they continue development.

After about six months in the ocean ʻoʻopu nōpili, now called “hinana” (together with the larvae of the other four freshwater fish species,) return to the streams. (Schoenfuss)

Different ʻoʻopu are found in different parts of the stream; the distribution is mainly influenced by the climbing ability of each species. (Schoenfuss)

Many gobies can inch their way up waterfalls with the aid of a sucker on their bellies formed from fused pelvic fins. The Nōpili rock-climbing goby, on the other hand, can climb waterfalls as tall as 330-feet with the aid of a second mouth sucker.

“For a human to go the equivalent distance based on body size, it’d be like doing a marathon, some 26 miles long, except climbing up a vertical cliff-face against rushing water.” (Researcher Richard Blob; Choi; LiveScience)

Spawning occurs between August and March and eggs are deposited in crevices under rocks and pebbles. Nests are laid in territories defended by males. Eggs hatch within two to three days and larvae are washed out to sea as oceanic plankton.

Post-larvae can be found in schools just after recruitment. After recruitment ʻoʻopu nōpili remain in estuaries for at least 48 hours before they begin migrating upstream.

While in the estuaries of the stream, this change in head structures occurs rapidly (within 36 hours) and enables the fish to continue its migration upstream. (Schoenfuss)

During this time, they undergo a significant metamorphosis. Their snouts enlarge and lengthen and their heads increase in size.
Their upper lip also enlarges and their mouths move to a sub-terminal position. (DLNR)

Their pelvic fins are fused together to form a suction cup which helps them fasten to rocks, the stream bottom, and even to climb waterfalls. (NTBG) This metamorphosis allows the ʻoʻopu nōpili to climb waterfalls using its suction cup and lips. (DLNR)

Most other gobies feed on small invertebrates or other fish, but the Nōpili rock-climbing goby prefers to scrape tiny bits of algae, called diatoms, off rocks using a mouth-sucking motion mirroring the same movements it uses to climb walls.

Researchers report that they found that the nōpili rock-climbing goby’s climbing and feeding movements differed significantly. In other words, the fish are using different movements for feeding and for climbing. (Smithsonian)

Video of ʻoʻopu nōpili summary (Schoenfuss)
http://science360.gov/obj/video/12ad0dd3-195e-4ebf-a347-487c1d259179/waterfall-climbing-fish-performs-evolutionary-feat

The goby, which can grow up to 7 inches long as an adult, feeds by cyclically sticking the tip of its upper jaw against rock to scrape food off surfaces. This behavior is quite distinct from other Hawaiian gobies, which feed by sucking in food from the water. (Choi; LiveScience)

There is a visible difference between males and females. When not engaged in courtship behavior, males resemble females, having a yellow-green, brown, or gray base mottled with brown or black. During courtship, however, the male’s body darkens and it develops an iridescent “racing” stripe down its sides. (Sim; PBRC)

Besides being a favorite food fish, ‘O‘opu Nōpili was also used ceremonially. The name of this ‘O‘opu comes from the Hawaiian word for cling (pili). It refers to the fish’s ability to climb up waterfalls by clinging to rocks.

It was used in the mawaewae (weaning) ceremony for first-born children, so that blessings and luck would cling to the child. It was also used in house-warming feasts, with the intent that good luck would cling to the house. (Sim, PBRC)

‘Oʻopu nōpili have been used as an “indicator species” to signify high water quality in streams and the possible presence of ʻoʻopu ‘alamo‘o, which is rarer than the ʻoʻopu nōpili. (DLNR)

Video of ʻoʻopu nōpili at waterfall (Spanish language narration)

https://youtu.be/84afw2mptv0

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Oopu_Nopili-SicyopterHanawi_rs-(BM)

On left has regular pelvic fins- on right has a suction cup instead of pelvic fins

Oopu_Nopili-Sicyopterus Stimpsoni-NPS

Oopu_Nopili-Life_Cycle_Environment-DLNR-Schoenfuss

Fish Spacing in the stream-DLNR-Schoenfuss

September 7, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

ʻIolani Palace Lanterns

King Kalākaua was the first ruling Monarch to tour of the world; in doing so, he made good on his motto, and motivation, proclaimed at his accession, ‘Hoʻoulu Lahui!’- (Increase the Nation!)

“(T)he King goes but for the good of his people, to make the country richer by getting more capital and people to come this way. … So the King this time takes with him a Commissioner to enquire into and bring other people of brown skins here to re-people these isles.” (Kapena)

The King and others were concerned about the declining Hawaiian population in the Islands. “The King himself would be only so in name if he had no people to rule. The King will not rest until his hope of re-peopling these isles has been fulfilled.” (Kapena)

Leaving January 20, 1881 on the Oceanic and arriving back in the Islands October 29, 1881 (nine months and nine days later,) Kalākaua travelled to the US, Japan, China, Siam, Burma, India, Egypt, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

Kalākaua wanted to gain recognition for his kingdom and learn how other monarchs ruled. He believed the best way to conclude diplomatic relations with foreign countries was to understand their customs.

In Japan, “On the day following their arrival, the royal party were escorted to the Imperial Theatre, Shintomiza. Twenty-eight carriages were required to take the train of Imperial Princes and Princesses, and high dignitaries, who formed the escort of His Majesty the King.”

“One thousand globe shaped lanterns were displayed in front of and around the theatre; and each one had the Imperial Japanese flag, and the Royal Hawaiian standard painted on them. Every walk, and every tree in the spacious theatre garden was hung with illuminated globes, every corridor and lobby was lined with them …”

“… and the interior of the theatre was in a blaze of light. It was estimated that over 3000 of these brilliant illuminated lanterns decorated the great theatre, and were an especial display, marvellous even to Japanese eyes, in honor of King Kalakaua’s visit.” (King Kalākaua’s Tour Round the World, PC Advertiser, 1881)

“When the King and his suite visited the Enriokwan Mansion, in a grand park, in Tokio, the grounds were illuminated by over 4,000 Japanese globe lanterns; and the King and suite were robed in very rich Japanese court costumes, provided expressly for this occasion.” (King Kalākaua’s Tour Round the World, PC Advertiser, 1881)

Following his trip, “King Kalākaua gave a grand ball at the royal palace Ball (in honor of the Prince and Princess Henri de Bourbon of Austria) …. The palace was beautifully decorated with festoons of Chinese lanterns, so thickly that it appeared to be almost covered with them.” (Daily Alta California, November 2, 1889)

“Every approach to the palace presented a scene of gorgeous resplendence. The illumination of the building and grounds has never been surpassed in style or degree.”

“From basement to battlements on every side the noble pile was profusely hung with rows of colored lanterns, festooned and straight but never departing from artistic symmetry…”

“There was a great crush of people in the throne room and main hall at the height of the reception, yet the procession past the royal dais flowed on in remarkably good order, the return stream of observed ones mingling with the throng of observers round the apartment. The band played throughout the ceremony.”

“Every approach to the palace presented a scene of gorgeous resplendence. The illumination of the building and grounds has never been surpassed in style or degree. From basement to battlements on every side the noble pile was profusely hung with rows of colored lanterns, festooned and straight but never departing from artistic symmetry.”

“These myriad lights were interspersed with the glittering rays from the permanent rose-shaped incandescent lamps on the outer walls, every door and window poured forth a welcoming glow from the electric crystal chandeliers richly bestowed within.”

“The paths in the grounds were lined, the trees and shrubbery decked, with hundreds of colored lanterns closely ranged in right lines and curves, all with such consummate art as to yield an effect of exquisite harmony to every point of vision.” (Daily Bulletin, October 24, 1889)

“The Palace grounds were lit up with torches and the front of the lower veranda was illuminated with lanterns in colors of white, green and red.” (Ball in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Claus Spreckels, August 7, 1885 – Pacific Commercial Advertiser, 8/8/85)

Lili‘uokalani continued the lantern tradition, “O ke kahua oloko o ka pa, ua hookauluwela ia e ua kuikui he mau haneri o na waihooluu like ole i hookuene akamai ia a lilo i mau nanaina maikai.” (The enclosed area within the fence was aglow with many hundreds of lanterns of different colors that were artistically arranged creating a wondrous sight to behold.) (Ball given by Lili‘uokalani – Nupepa Kuokoa, March 1892)

Friends of ʻIolani Palace continue the tradition – ʻIolani Palace and its grounds are often decorated with lanterns harking back to the time of Hawai‘i’s monarchy. (ʻIolani Palace)

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September 6, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

By Horse, Car & Plane

EH Lewis looked to a variety of ways for folks to see the Islands: horseback, automobile and airplane.

Lewis was a “dashing (polo) player, who was always on the ball.” (Evening Bulletin, August 5, 1909) Early newspaper ads, note Lewis as Proprietor of Stockyards Stables where you can “Get your friends together and enjoy a tally ho ride” in a 6-horse drawn wagon. (Evening Bulletin, August 3, 1904)

“EH Lewis, will open on April 1 a riding school at Athletic Park; 25 stylish saddle horses will be used. Hours from 9 to 11 and 3 to 5, dally. Prices will be $1 per lesson, or twelve lessons for $10. We guarantee to make a good rider of you for $10. Lewis Stables, Tel. 41” (Evening Bulletin, March 24, 1910)

Lewis introduced automobiles to Hawai‘i, “Probably the finest cars on the streets of Honolulu, are the two new Pierce-Arrows which have recently arrived. Both are now installed in the rent service.”

“One … is a beautiful gray, owned by EH Lewis (the other was owned by Henry Hughes.) These two cars show in their every line that they are the last word in automobile construction. (Star-Bulletin, December 6, 1913)

“Tally-ho driving parties, instituted by EH Lewis about a year ago for the special entertainment of tourists are growing in popularity. Within the past few weeks a number of excursions of this character, taking strangers to the many interesting points within a wide radius of the city, have been given.” (Paradise of the Pacific, February 1905)

He took his touring and promotion to the continent, “Mr and Mrs E Lewis of Honolulu recently toured the Yosemite in their big American limousine and on the way and back showed themselves good promotionists by flying a Honolulu pennant and booming the islands as an attractive resort for tourists.” (Star Bulletin, July 31, 1915)

Then, he got into airplanes. Even though Lewis didn’t learn to fly until he was 60, he became an enthusiastic promoter of the industry, owning and flying more than a dozen airplanes. (Star-Bulletin)

“When ‘Bud’ Mars, back in December of 1910, brought an unwieldly biplane called the “Skylark” to Honolulu and managed to get it into the air long enough to make several short exhibition flights from Moanalua Polo Field, the die was cast for Hawai‘i’s interest in and use of aircraft.” (Kennedy; Thrum, 1936)

One regular visitor to every early flight in the islands was businessman Edwin Lewis. He was the primary sponsor of Bud Mars’ first flight at Moanalua Polo Grounds, and he also established the first real airport in Hawaii, called Ala Moana Field.

“Spectacular as these flights were, at the same time island men were going ahead in a quiet manner, laying the foundation for commercial aviation here. Ed Lewis, operating automobile tours on Oahu, early saw the possibilities of airplanes for sightseeing.” (Star-Bulletin)

“Announcing his desire to have permanent airplanes in our islands within sixty days of him stepping once again on Hawaii nei, EH Lewis landed in Honolulu nei on the morning of Friday of this past week with two pilots who will fly the two planes he purchased in America.”

“These men brought by Lewis are experts. The planes did not arrive with Lewis, but according to him, should there be no complications, the planes will arrive in Honolulu within 60 days.”

“The crafts can carry ten passengers at a time, and these will be the planes that fly regularly between Honolulu and Hilo and from Hilo back to Honolulu nei.” (Alakai o Hawai‘i, November 5, 1928)

“Touring the islands by air dates back to 1927, when Edwin Lewis founded Lewis Air Tours. The company lasted only three years, but other tour services proved more successful. Interisland travel really picked up in the 1950s with the introduction of package tours, all-inclusive vacations that often included trips to Oahu’s neighbor islands.” (Smithsonian)

“Lewis’ greatest contribution, however, was the establishment of Lewis Air Tours in the late 1920s. Flying a Standard biplane named Malolo – ‘flying fish’ …”

“… that sported an enclosed cabin for passenger comfort, tourists and locals alike were treated to views of the islands unimaginable just a few years before. (Star-Bulletin)

“For several years he operated ‘Lewis Air Tours’ with a number of small open cockpit planes flying from Ward airport on Ala Moana.” (Kennedy; Thrum, 1936)

However, some were concerned with his flying – repeated entries in minutes of meetings of the Territorial Aeronautical Commission complain of Lewis and his flying. Such as:

“(L)ast Sunday Mr Lewis’s plane was flying over the Aloha tower and the city at a very low altitude. Other complaints have also come to us about Mr Lewis’s activities. It was decided that a letter be addressed to Mr Lewis prohibiting the use of Ward Airport for any but emergency landings.” (Territorial Aeronautical Commission, April 29, 1930)

“(T)he type of flying done by Lewis Tours (mostly sightseeing flights) is very risky not only because of the condition of the field but also because many more landings would be made daily than a transport plane operating for John Rogers Airport.” (Territorial Aeronautical Commission, February 18, 1929)

Reportedly, EH Lewis flew his first solo flight on his 60th birthday, and was said to be the oldest student pilot at the time. (Archives, mid-1930s)

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