Images of Old Hawaiʻi

by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Waikahalulu Falls

‘Pan-Pacific Union’ was the local expression of the larger ‘Hands-around-the-Pacific’ movement, which embraced all countries in and about the vast western ocean – the future theatre of the world’s greatest activities. (The Friend, May 1, 1918)

The projected calling of a Pan-Pacific conference to meet in Hawaiʻi, the establishment of a Pan-Pacific commercial college in Honolulu and the project of a Pan-Pacific peace exposition here after the war was launched by a number of influential business men. (Mid-Pacific Magazine, 1918)

A Pan-Pacific commercial college was considered one of the best means to bring Hawaiʻi into closer communion with the countries of the Far East while the exposition and general conference would create a sentiment in the countries of the Pacific to make the Pacific independent in its resources and make Hawaiʻi a real cross-road of the Pacific. (Oregon News, June 26, 1918)

Folks selected a site along the Nuʻuanu Stream, in the heart of Honolulu, near two waterfalls, as the nucleus of a Pan-Pacific Park; here all resident races of the Pacific might re-create their national life and customs.

It turns out the site was at the former home of the former Queen, Liliʻuokalani. Here, once stood the grass house of the parents of Hawaiʻi’s last Queen. As a child she played and bathed in the pool below the falls. (Some call it the Queen’s Bath.)

At first, the Japanese offered to make of Liliʻuokalani Gardens a bit of old Japan. With more land, they suggested different nations around the Great Ocean come for the 1920 Exposition. (Mid-Pacific Magazine, January 1917)

During initial discussions of the proposed Pan-Pacific Exposition came up, Mr Ishii announced that he would provide a Japanese tea house section that would be a credit and honor to his race in Hawaiʻi.

In the garden, and tea houses, there should be no intoxicants of any kind, and only the real lovers of simple pleasures, and those who enjoy the beautiful in nature, would be welcomed. (Mid-Pacific Magazine, August 1918)

Ishii’s Garden in Pan-Pacific Park, a bit of old Japan in Hawaii, was looked upon as one of the most charming spots in Honolulu. The entire grounds were formerly known as Yoraku-en—the Pan-Pacific tea garden.

The garden was planted with Japanese grass, and the landscape gardening there is patterned after the Land of the Cherry Blossoms. Buildings, too, are designed along Japanese lines. It was Ishii’s plan to will the park and garden to the Pan-Pacific Union as its headquarters.

For ten years, Ishii has been improving these remarkable Japanese gardens. They adjoin the Liliʻuokalani Park, one of the most beautiful bits of landscape in Hawaii. The building of a native Hawaiian village is contemplated, adjoining both Liliʻuokalani and Ishii’s gardens, so that in time all may be thrown into one Pan-Pacific park.

Here, perhaps each Pacific race in Hawaiʻi may have its individual club house and grounds. Mr. Ishii is a public benefactor in pointing the way for better understanding and co-operation among the men of all races in Honolulu. (Pan-Pacific Union, March 1923)

Glance up the Nuʻuanu Stream, beneath the finest (and most forgotten) avenue of monkeypod trees in the Island. It was a bit of Japan at its fairest, and there, far up at the end of the arching of green, were two tumbling white waterfalls.

There are many beauty spots in Hawaiʻi, but none more beautiful than those that congregate about that section of the Nuʻuanu Stream, flowing through Honolulu, where it was proposed to hold the Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition after World War I.

Their philosophy was, work hard enough and long enough for the thing you want, and you will get it; and so any good idea may be made to grow into a reality.” (Mid-Pacific Magazine, August 1918)

Unfortunately, there are no records of the Pan-Pacific Union holding the exposition (like a World’s Fair) in Honolulu. The City later acquired the Liliʻuokalani Park – it’s now a small, streamside passive park. Waikahalulu Falls are still there, too.

The City notes, portions of this garden were once the property and favorite picnic grounds of Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaiʻi. She later donated her land to the City and County of Honolulu to be used for the public’s enjoyment. This developing garden is devoted to native Hawaiian plants. (C&C)

Records do note that the Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition was a world’s fair held in Japan from March 15 to May 31, 1937.

It was intended to promote industry, transportation, education, science, construction, architecture, social welfare, tourism, fine arts and crafts. The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) erupted only two months after the Exposition closed.

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Queen-Liliuokalani-Gardens
Queen-Liliuokalani-Gardens
Waikahalulu-Falls
Waikahalulu-Falls
Waikahalulu-Falls-HonoluluBotanicalGardens
Waikahalulu-Falls-HonoluluBotanicalGardens
Waikahalulu-Falls-arjunaheim
Waikahalulu-Falls-arjunaheim
Waikahalulu_Falls-HonoluluBotanicalGardens
Waikahalulu_Falls-HonoluluBotanicalGardens
Lili'uokalani_Botanical_Garden
Lili’uokalani_Botanical_Garden
Waikahalulu_Falls
Waikahalulu_Falls
Part of Ishii's Pan-Pacific Gardens-Pan-Pacific Union March 1923
Part of Ishii’s Pan-Pacific Gardens-Pan-Pacific Union March 1923
Main tower at the Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition-1937
Main tower at the Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition-1937

by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

King’s Daughters Home

A small number of women banded together as a King’s Daughters’ Circle for the purpose of learning more how to care for others, taking the motto, ‘Not to be ministered unto, but to minister.’

At the time, Honolulu had no haven for friendless and lonely old persons who were aging.  Then, the distress of two such old ladies inspired the King’s Daughters with the determination to meet this need.

The aim was to comfort and care for those in need, just as one would care for a relative or friend.  “No efforts are spared in removing all trace of the institution from this home, where each person is given a pleasant, private room in which to spend declining years among little, treasured possessions.”  (Honolulu Star-bulletin, April 9, 1914)

On July 15, 1910, they rented and furnished a house in Makiki and called it the King’s Daughters’ Home.

The aim of the Circle was first “to furnish a genuine home to all those in need because of age or weakness, and second, to furnish a Christian home for persons in middle life or past who receive but a trifle for their labor and are unable to pay the usual boarding-house rates”.

“(L)astly, (the goal was) to furnish for convalescents released from the care of hospital and physician, without a home or means and unable to work for a while, a place where they may go and have loving care for a few weeks and someone to help nurse them back to strength.  (Honolulu Times, December 1, 1910)

“Viewed from a progressive standpoint, it may be said that there is scarcely a county in the United States which has not its home for old people without means. Honolulu has its Lunalilo Home for aged Hawaiians.”

“There are homes for the people of other races and hospitals for the white plague sufferers and those afflicted with other ills, but nowhere in this city of wealth is there a place where an aged Anglo-Saxon, whose younger days have been spent in faithful service, can enter and say, ‘This is my home.’”  (Thrum)

The first home “installed these two dear old ladies with a matron to care for them. Later more women and some men were joined to the little family, the house was enlarged to meet the increasing demands for more accommodations”.

“(A)ssistants were engaged, and the work grew steadily, until now several small cottages have been added to the establishment, Yet, with these added facilities, the Old Folks’ Homes is taxed to capacity”.  (Honolulu Star-bulletin, April 9, 1914)

“(T)here are scores of working women, very worthy women, Christian women, employed on meager salaries, by the week or by the day or the month, and that can afford to pay a small part only for room and meals. It is really hard, very hard, for them to make that little income meet the demands of food and raiment (clothing.”)

“Often they are constrained to live in the most frugal manner as to lodging and table board. But, if there can be a Home, plain, sweet, neat, with a good nourishing menu, three times a day, what a blessing!”  (Honolulu Times, December 1, 1910)

“No sooner was the first home secured and opened with furnishings befitting the needs of those in the afternoon of life who had seen better days, but what its capacity was taxed, and from that time … there have been applicants for admission kept on the waiting list owing to its limited accommodations”.

“Thus from its inception, almost, has the need of enlargement been insistent and has sorely taxed the handful of promoters to meet this want of the community.”  (Thrum)

“The King’s Daughters’ Circle has undertaken the work which the community has so far omitted. It has done what it could with limited means, secured from private sources, and now feels justified in asking the aid of the community for a building enterprise … like the magnificent YMCA structure”.

“Confident that their trust in this appeal is not misplaced, the organization of King’s Daughters engaged Mr HL Kerr, an architect who has designed a number of the finest buildings in the city, to draw plans for an Old People’s Home, to be erected on the Kaimuki site which the organization now owns”.

“The building as designed will afford ample and comfortable housing for fifty (occupants,) with additional quarters for nurses and other attaches of the institution. The structure as planned has all the essential provisions for insuring comfort to the (occupants,) and at the same time is artistic in design, supplying an edifice which, from an architectural point of view, will prove a credit to the city and a monument to the progressive spirit of the community.”

“The general idea of the architect has been to give a home effect inside and out, and to provide a building which will insure a maximum of comfort and convenience with a minimum of expenditure for its economical maintenance. The lanais and veranda are as generous in size as they are essential.”

“The dining hall and dining lanai may be operated separately or thrown together as desired, and the rooms which will be for general use are centrally located in order to be of the greatest service to all. … The rooms are large and airy, each provided with a generous clothes press, and there are ample toilet facilities included.”

“The upper floor is designed primarily for the use of the caretakers and assistants, and will also provide room for those among the old people who are able to mount the easy stairway.”

“One feature of the plans to which the attention of contributors is particularly called, is that it may be constructed in five parts or wings grouped about a central building, permitting any one person or group of persons who may so desire to build a wing as a memorial.”  (Thrum)

There is a sad side to this story … reported in the Hawaiian Gazette, February 6, 1912.  It relates to Mrs Margaret Jerome Healy and her friend Mrs Elisabeth Stevenson; both lived in the King’s Daughters Home.

Unfortunately Healy passed away.

“The old ladies of the home were all anxious to attend the funeral of their late companion, who was a general favorite among them … The superintendent demurred but it was finally decide that a refusal would result in unnecessary grievings and the permission was granted.”

“The aged women gathered about as the body was lowered and reverently bowed their heads as the last words of the service were spoken. Most of them were crying quietly and the moment, always so sadly dramatic, was doubly tense to those who felt the severing of the ties so poignantly.”

“Mrs. Stevenson’s heart, which has been weak, was unable to stand the tension of emotion and dropped quietly, the old lady sinking to the ground amidst her companions and peacefully passing across the borders to join her friend.”

Stevenson (who had been a nurse for the greater part of her life) died “before the open grave as the body of her departed friend was laid to rest.” (Hawaiian Gazette, February 6, 1912)

“They were two woman who shared the bonds of aloha in their last days of their lives on this earth, and they left together to the other side, without one feeling sadness for the other in one dying before the other, and one being left behind in this world grieving.”  (Kuokoa, February 9, 1912) The King’s Daughters Home closed in 1978.

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by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Ranch House

This place had a lot of owners and went by a lot of names; it even had two different street addresses (it stayed in the same place, but it is not clear when or why the address changed).

It started with Robert Hind and his dairy operation.  While it didn’t start with that name, more often than not it was called some derivation of the Ranch House.  The structure was remodeled at least twice (1951 and 1971). 

In 1918 Robert Hind started Kapahulu Dairy.  (Kelly)  In 1924, Hind purchased 2,090-acres and established the Hind-Clarke Dairy with John K Clarke. “Rancher and Cattleman To Import 100 Pure Bred Guernseys At Once Will Be Added To Stock Ready for Opening of Hind-Clarke Dairy”

“One hundred pure bred Guernsey milch cows for the Hind-Clarke dairy, which is to be opened for business in the Waialae district later in the summer, will arrive from San Francisco June 30, announces Robert Hind, rancher and dairyman, who returned from the mainland on the steamer Wilhelmina Tuesday.”

“‘These cows will produce the highest quality of milk, which will be of a rich color and of a taste for which the Guernsey is famous. The animals have the best kind of pedigrees and would be valuable additions to any dairy.’”

“The dairy already has 150 Holstein cows, which produce milk In quantity, and the coming herd will increase his herd to at least 250 milk producers.” (Star Bulletin, June 10, 1925)

The Hind-Clarke Dairy was a favored stop along the road, as noted in a 1930 visitor’s guide … “The Hind-Clarke Dairy, a short way ahead and to our left with a large sign over the entrance, is not to be passed unnoticed.”

“The dairy is a model of its kind and well affords an opportunity to see dairying in its most scientific form. The cottage cheese on sale is, perhaps, the most delicious you have ever tasted.”  (Cultural Surveys)

“And Hind-Clarke Dairy had this drive-in where they had their own ice cream parlor [Hind-Clarke Drive Inn]. And later on it got to be known as M’s Ranch House.” (‘M’ referencing Mona Hind Holmes, Robert’s daughter.)

“Until only recently it was still there, and they finally closed down. But it started out as a Hind-Clarke Dairy ice cream parlor, but people drove in there to buy ice cream.” (Yamaguchi Oral History)

The Hind Clarke Dairy operation occupied the area presently occupied by the ‘Āina Haina Shopping Center and ‘Āina Haina Elementary School.

It stretched into the valley and over the ridge (now the Hawaii Loa Ridge subdivision). Hind Clark Dairy also had a small zoo near the library site today; there was a zebra in a pen. (Archaeological Consultants)

The former cattle pasture was subdivided into lots to form a new residential community called ‘Āina Haina (which means “Hind’s land”).

A little-known fact, lost (for the most part) to history, is that the Hind-Clarke Drive Inn became the Six Star Drive Inn briefly (around 1945) before coming M’s Ranch House.   (Darren Conley)

A September 1, 1945 advertisement in the Star Bulletin stated, “Opening Today the Six Star Drive-in, Fountain Service, Sandwiches. A La Carte Menus, Open Daily… 5202 Kalanianaole Highway. Near the Hind-Clarke Dairy Under the management of Mona Hind and Harry Shingle”.

However, Harry’s participation soon ended with an announcement, “Notice is herby given that Harry Kusuhara, also known as Harry Shingle, is no longer connected with the Six Star Drive Inn located at 5202 Kalanianaole Highway … I have returned to General Contracting and Catering as of the 15th day of January 1946.” (SB, Jan 25, 1946)

Then, “Notice is hereby given that on the 16th of May, 1947, Mona Hind Holmes and Charles W Lucas Jr, entered into a copartnership doing business under the name of The Ranch House, operating, maintaining and conducting a restaurant at 5202 Kalanianaole Highway, Honolulu, TH.” (Advertiser, May 17, 1947)

“Originally opened as the ice cream drive-inn for the Hind-Clarke Dairy and creamery, it was converted into a full service dining restaurant after the Dairy was sold in 1946, and the valley was subdivided into residential lots.”

“We moved into Aina Haina in 1949, and as a child growing up, our favorite thing was to play ‘cowboys’. We could choose between riding our bikes over to Niu Valley and feeding Lani Moo in her corral, or riding our bikes to M’s Ranch House, and play in the covered wagon.”  (Navas, Territorial Airwaves)

In 1971, the restaurant was “renewed” and “has a new look so different and so handsome that we hasten to reassure its family of customers that inside the doors, the food, the services, the hospitality, and the informality are all as they were before – only nicer.”

The Ranch House was “completely redecorated and refurbished … with a new roof line new paint and signs – but still the basically unchanged ‘dining home’ of thousands of Island families … [and] prices did not go up after all the remodeling and redecorating.” (SB, Jan 10, 1971)

The Ranch House was demolished in 1991, and Longs Drugs was built and still occupies the site; the ice cream parlor, drive In, fountain, Alibi Cocktail Room, hearty meals, live music entertainment … and covered wagon are now gone.

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by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Pre- and Early-teen Pineapple Workers

Child employment is regulated by both federal and Hawaii state laws. When the laws overlap, employers are required to follow the one that provides more protection. It’s also essential to know that the regulations vary significantly depending on the youth’s age.

Children under 14 are generally prohibited from working in non-agriculture operations, with some exceptions. Fourteen- and 15-year-olds are subject to limited types of work and limited working hours.

Teens ages 16 and 17 can generally work any number of hours in any job unless it’s considered hazardous, which we’ll touch on later. Once someone turns 18, they’re no longer subject to child labor laws.

Hawaiʻi law requires anyone under 18 to have a child labor certificate, or work permit, before their first day on the job. This is a way for the state to ensure the work isn’t hazardous and won’t interfere with a teenager’s schooling. (ALTRES)

It used to be different … “I worked when I was eleven …. Of course, I was already cleaning haole houses, so this work was steady income. You work, you carry your canvas bag, and your lunch, and your bottle of water. Gloves, everything you need.”

“When we had to go picking, you would climb through all the plants to get to the center of the field. You pick the pineapple, you throw it to the next line.”

“[I]f you caught a field with a lot of ripe pineapples, boy, you work fast, you can earn a lot of money because you get a bonus for the number of crates you crate up.”

“I was only eleven, and the other people were twelve. But then, I’m in the same grade they are; we’re in the sixth grade. I remember I was paid ten cents less, because I wasn’t twelve years old yet”. (Jane Lee Gabriel, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another pre-teen worked in the fields, “I remember working in the pineapple fields when I was eleven years old. So, at eleven I would be a sixth-grader [in 1944].”

“The war is still going on, yes. We had to wear canvas pants, a long-sleeved denim jacket because we would get pierced by those long, pointed pineapple leaves. We also had to wear wire goggles to protect our eyes. Then a hat, because we would be out in the sun.”

“We had to do weeding and putting fertilizer into the pineapple plant, and picking the ripe pineapples from the plant. … My classmates, because they were already twelve, were getting sixty-seven cents.”

“I remember grumbling about it. I went to the luna, and said, ‘You know, my pay is not fair. How come they’re getting more money than me?’”

“‘We’re in the same grade at school, and I’m going to be twelve in November. But then, this is the summer, so I’m only eleven.’” (Jane Nakamura, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another preteen worked in the fields … [I was] ”Twelve years old. My pay I believe was something like thirty-five cents an hour. The war was still going on and I went to get my physical. I was so proud. I’m going to work and they gave me a number, aluminum tag with my work number [bango].”

“[We did] Everything from picking pineapples to cutting grass. Especially in the summertime, it was never cutting grass, it was always picking pineapple.”

“When you’re twelve years old, you don’t weigh even one hundred pounds. I didn’t. We had these big bags we put the pineapples in. The weight of it would weigh—if I wasn’t set and leaning a certain way, I couldn’t put any pineapples in there without [Tipping over].” (Takeo Yamato, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another Lanai youth noted, “When I was twelve, pineapple field were picking up kids up to – well when I was eleven, they picked up kids up to twelve years old to work in the pineapple field.”

“So I said next year, I can work in the pineapple field cause all the kids look forward to going to work into pineapple field cause that’s about all you had on the island besides playing sports or whatever.”

“So I said, well, next year, I’ll be able to work in the pineapple field. That year, they picked (kids) up till thirteen and they stopped. And I said, well, I will have to wait the following – following year, they stopped at fourteen.”

“When I got to be fourteen, they had this law, something about you had to go to the labor board and everything, so it stopped at fifteen.”

“When I was fifteen, they said up to sixteen, and that’s it. So by the time I worked in the pineapple field, I was sixteen years old. I worked about two years (in the pineapple fields). I graduated from school when I was eighteen and I left (Lānai) and (joined) the army (in summer of 1956) and that’s it.”

“But my sister, I think she started (working in the pineapple fields) when she was twelve or eleven. Every time I wanted to be the age so I can go and work (in the) pineapple field, they stopped at the age before me.” (Charlotte Richardson Holsomback; UH Oral History, Lānai Ranch)

Maui Land & Pineapple used to have similar success in recruited youthful workers …“In years past, we had to turn kids away. There wasn’t anything else to do. Now going to work for a plantation is the last thing they want to do.” (Hnl Adv-Jun 14, 1973)

”We put on a big campaign on Kauai and Hawaii for local boys. From the Big Island we wanted 30 boys and got six. We anticipated 20 boys from Kauai and got four.” (Shuji Seki, recruiting and personnel supervisor for Maui Pine)

Hawai‘i youth were not filling the needs … “Until five years ago Maui Pine recruited 100 per cent of its labor from the island. With the rapid increase in hotels and the resulting decrease in local agricultural labor the company was forced into recruiting from the off islands and finally from the Mainland.” (Hnl Adv-Jun 14, 1973)

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Kealakīpapa

Maunalua, the traditional name for the area now known as Hawai‘i Kai, literally means two mountains in reference to Kuamo‘okāne (Koko Head) and Kohelepelepe (Koko Crater), on the east side of O‘ahu.

Numerous small valleys are contained within, and a Keahupua o Maunalua (Kuapā Fishpond) is also located on the coastline in the western portion of this ahupua‘a. (KSBE)

Before Western contact, there was a close association between the regions of Wawamalu (Sandy Beach) and Waimanalo. (Ka Iwi Master Plan)

The land of Maunalua was formerly an ‘ili (subdivision) of the Waimanalo ahupua‘a and originally belonged to Ko‘olaupoko district. (KSBE) This “would indicate an easy route of communication between the two lands.”  (McAllister)

During his visit to Maunalua in 1810, John Papa ‘Īʻī noted the ancient trail system of Oʻahu and its connection to Maunalua. He wrote, “go along Keahia and so on to Maunalua, to the sea of Koko, to Makapuu, and so on”. This mention of the trail indicates that this route extended through Maunalua, continued on to Kealakīpapa Valley, and ended at Waimānalo. (Nohopapa)

“This path may have existed in 1822, when Mathison passed from Waimanalo to Maunalua, but it was not known to him. Mathison was guided by an English sailor who had settled in Waimanalo.” (McAllister)

Before Western contact, there was a close association between the regions of Wawamalu (Sandy Beach) and Waimanalo. (Ka Iwi Master Plan)

“Running from a point slightly mountainwards of the [Makapu‘u] lighthouse road up Kealakipapa Valley, down the Waimanalo gap, and through the village site in Waimanalo, are the remains of an old road.”

“It has not been definitely determined whether it is of old Hawaiian origin or of post-European construction. … The name of the valley, Kealakipapa (paved roadway), indicates that a trail at least has been here for many years.”  (McAllister)

In 1851, William Webster, a land agent of the Hawaiian Kingdom, produced the earliest map of Maunalua. The map depicts a road extending from the cliff of Makapu‘u Bay to Kealakīpapa Valley, which might be the ancient trail previously mentioned by ʻĪʻī.  (Nohopapa)

The name Ka Iwi is derived from the Ka Iwi Channel, which lies between the islands of Molokai and Oahu.  This area of Ka Iwi can be divided into four topographic regions: a coastal zone (referred to as Queen’s Beach); a valley (Kealakīpapa Valley); a rocky headland (Makapu’u Head); and a coastal bench.

Queen’s Beach generally refers to the shoreline area from Kaloko Beach to the rock cliffs of Makapu’u Head. Kealakīpapa Valley comprises the area from Makapu’u Saddle down to Queen’s Beach.

Makapu‘u Head, rising northeast of Kealakīpapa Valley, reaches 647 feet above sea level at its highest point.  Kealakīpapa Valley through to Queen’s Beach allows the viewer to see both the windward and leeward shores from this vantage point. (Ka Iwi Master Plan)

Access between the two areas was by way of the road named Kealakīpapa, which is now generally the route of Kalanianaole Highway. “An ali’i who lived at Wawamalu had the road built.  He made the people who annoyed him build the road.” (Pukui, Maunalua-net) It has also been referred to as the old “King’s Highway.”

The mouth of Kealakīpapa Valley, at Queen’s Beach, is wide and narrows to its head near the Makapu’u Lookout at 160 feet. (Ka Iwi Master Plan)

“In places the natural outcroppings of rocks have been used as steps, but where stones have been laid and a terraced wall built up to support the paving, this paving has been constructed with large stones laid at an angle sometimes as great as 45 degrees. From the foot of the gap the road ran into the village site on the Waimanalo side.”

“Near the top of the gap, on the Maunalua side, is a small walled enclosure which, according to Stokes, is said to have been made at the time of the rebellion in 1895. From the top of the gap down Kealakipapa Valley for about 600 feet the road is in fairly good condition and can be followed with ease.” (McAllister)

“The central part is paved with flat stones 1 to 2 feet in width, with smaller stones heaped about a foot in height on either side, Along this distance the road averages between 15 and 16 feet in width.”

“Farther into the valley the road runs into a heavy growth of kiawe. Here it is generally without the side rock-walls, about 11 feet wide, and of arched or curved surface.”

“Throughout the lower part of the valley the road is in a poor state of preservation. On the immediate mountain side of the lighthouse road it cannot be found. Seaward of the lighthouse road it appears again and seems to end some 140 feet from the present road, for on the sea side of this point it cannot be found.” (McAllister)

“The plain below Kamiloiki and Kealakipapa was known as Ke-kula-o-Kamau[u]wai. This was the famous potato-planting place from which came the potatoes traded to ships that anchored off Hahaione in whaling days.” (Handy)

In 1859, Maunalua was included in the Kona district with the Revised Laws of Hawai‘i 1925, setting the district boundaries from Makapu‘u Head to Moanalua inclusive. (KSBE)

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