Economy | Page 6 | Images of Old Hawaiʻi

July 19, 2025 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Ranch House

This place had a lot of owners and went by a lot of names; it even had two different street addresses (it stayed in the same place, but it is not clear when or why the address changed).

It started with Robert Hind and his dairy operation. While it didn’t start with that name, more often than not it was called some derivation of the Ranch House. The structure was remodeled at least twice (1951 and 1971).

In 1918 Robert Hind started Kapahulu Dairy. (Kelly) In 1924, Hind purchased 2,090-acres and established the Hind-Clarke Dairy with John K Clarke. “Rancher and Cattleman To Import 100 Pure Bred Guernseys At Once Will Be Added To Stock Ready for Opening of Hind-Clarke Dairy”

“One hundred pure bred Guernsey milch cows for the Hind-Clarke dairy, which is to be opened for business in the Waialae district later in the summer, will arrive from San Francisco June 30, announces Robert Hind, rancher and dairyman, who returned from the mainland on the steamer Wilhelmina Tuesday.”

“‘These cows will produce the highest quality of milk, which will be of a rich color and of a taste for which the Guernsey is famous. The animals have the best kind of pedigrees and would be valuable additions to any dairy.’”

“The dairy already has 150 Holstein cows, which produce milk In quantity, and the coming herd will increase his herd to at least 250 milk producers.” (Star Bulletin, June 10, 1925)

The Hind-Clarke Dairy was a favored stop along the road, as noted in a 1930 visitor’s guide … “The Hind-Clarke Dairy, a short way ahead and to our left with a large sign over the entrance, is not to be passed unnoticed.”

“The dairy is a model of its kind and well affords an opportunity to see dairying in its most scientific form. The cottage cheese on sale is, perhaps, the most delicious you have ever tasted.” (Cultural Surveys)

“And Hind-Clarke Dairy had this drive-in where they had their own ice cream parlor [Hind-Clarke Drive Inn]. And later on it got to be known as M’s Ranch House.” (‘M’ referencing Mona Hind Holmes, Robert’s daughter.)

“Until only recently it was still there, and they finally closed down. But it started out as a Hind-Clarke Dairy ice cream parlor, but people drove in there to buy ice cream.” (Yamaguchi Oral History)

The Hind Clarke Dairy operation occupied the area presently occupied by the ‘Āina Haina Shopping Center and ‘Āina Haina Elementary School.

It stretched into the valley and over the ridge (now the Hawaii Loa Ridge subdivision). Hind Clark Dairy also had a small zoo near the library site today; there was a zebra in a pen. (Archaeological Consultants)

The former cattle pasture was subdivided into lots to form a new residential community called ‘Āina Haina (which means “Hind’s land”).

A little-known fact, lost (for the most part) to history, is that the Hind-Clarke Drive Inn became the Six Star Drive Inn briefly (around 1945) before coming M’s Ranch House. (Darren Conley)

A September 1, 1945 advertisement in the Star Bulletin stated, “Opening Today the Six Star Drive-in, Fountain Service, Sandwiches. A La Carte Menus, Open Daily… 5202 Kalanianaole Highway. Near the Hind-Clarke Dairy Under the management of Mona Hind and Harry Shingle”.

However, Harry’s participation soon ended with an announcement, “Notice is herby given that Harry Kusuhara, also known as Harry Shingle, is no longer connected with the Six Star Drive Inn located at 5202 Kalanianaole Highway … I have returned to General Contracting and Catering as of the 15^th day of January 1946.” (SB, Jan 25, 1946)

Then, “Notice is hereby given that on the 16^th of May, 1947, Mona Hind Holmes and Charles W Lucas Jr, entered into a copartnership doing business under the name of The Ranch House, operating, maintaining and conducting a restaurant at 5202 Kalanianaole Highway, Honolulu, TH.” (Advertiser, May 17, 1947)

“Originally opened as the ice cream drive-inn for the Hind-Clarke Dairy and creamery, it was converted into a full service dining restaurant after the Dairy was sold in 1946, and the valley was subdivided into residential lots.”

“We moved into Aina Haina in 1949, and as a child growing up, our favorite thing was to play ‘cowboys’. We could choose between riding our bikes over to Niu Valley and feeding Lani Moo in her corral, or riding our bikes to M’s Ranch House, and play in the covered wagon.” (Navas, Territorial Airwaves)

In 1971, the restaurant was “renewed” and “has a new look so different and so handsome that we hasten to reassure its family of customers that inside the doors, the food, the services, the hospitality, and the informality are all as they were before – only nicer.”

The Ranch House was “completely redecorated and refurbished … with a new roof line new paint and signs – but still the basically unchanged ‘dining home’ of thousands of Island families … [and] prices did not go up after all the remodeling and redecorating.” (SB, Jan 10, 1971)

The Ranch House was demolished in 1991, and Longs Drugs was built and still occupies the site; the ice cream parlor, drive In, fountain, Alibi Cocktail Room, hearty meals, live music entertainment … and covered wagon are now gone.

July 17, 2025 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Pre- and Early-teen Pineapple Workers

Child employment is regulated by both federal and Hawaii state laws. When the laws overlap, employers are required to follow the one that provides more protection. It’s also essential to know that the regulations vary significantly depending on the youth’s age.

Children under 14 are generally prohibited from working in non-agriculture operations, with some exceptions. Fourteen- and 15-year-olds are subject to limited types of work and limited working hours.

Teens ages 16 and 17 can generally work any number of hours in any job unless it’s considered hazardous, which we’ll touch on later. Once someone turns 18, they’re no longer subject to child labor laws.

Hawaiʻi law requires anyone under 18 to have a child labor certificate, or work permit, before their first day on the job. This is a way for the state to ensure the work isn’t hazardous and won’t interfere with a teenager’s schooling. (ALTRES)

It used to be different … “I worked when I was eleven …. Of course, I was already cleaning haole houses, so this work was steady income. You work, you carry your canvas bag, and your lunch, and your bottle of water. Gloves, everything you need.”

“When we had to go picking, you would climb through all the plants to get to the center of the field. You pick the pineapple, you throw it to the next line.”

“[I]f you caught a field with a lot of ripe pineapples, boy, you work fast, you can earn a lot of money because you get a bonus for the number of crates you crate up.”

“I was only eleven, and the other people were twelve. But then, I’m in the same grade they are; we’re in the sixth grade. I remember I was paid ten cents less, because I wasn’t twelve years old yet”. (Jane Lee Gabriel, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another pre-teen worked in the fields, “I remember working in the pineapple fields when I was eleven years old. So, at eleven I would be a sixth-grader [in 1944].”

“The war is still going on, yes. We had to wear canvas pants, a long-sleeved denim jacket because we would get pierced by those long, pointed pineapple leaves. We also had to wear wire goggles to protect our eyes. Then a hat, because we would be out in the sun.”

“We had to do weeding and putting fertilizer into the pineapple plant, and picking the ripe pineapples from the plant. … My classmates, because they were already twelve, were getting sixty-seven cents.”

“I remember grumbling about it. I went to the luna, and said, ‘You know, my pay is not fair. How come they’re getting more money than me?’”

“‘We’re in the same grade at school, and I’m going to be twelve in November. But then, this is the summer, so I’m only eleven.’” (Jane Nakamura, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another preteen worked in the fields … [I was] ”Twelve years old. My pay I believe was something like thirty-five cents an hour. The war was still going on and I went to get my physical. I was so proud. I’m going to work and they gave me a number, aluminum tag with my work number [bango].”

“[We did] Everything from picking pineapples to cutting grass. Especially in the summertime, it was never cutting grass, it was always picking pineapple.”

“When you’re twelve years old, you don’t weigh even one hundred pounds. I didn’t. We had these big bags we put the pineapples in. The weight of it would weigh—if I wasn’t set and leaning a certain way, I couldn’t put any pineapples in there without [Tipping over].” (Takeo Yamato, UH Oral History, Lānai: Reflecting on the Past)

Another Lanai youth noted, “When I was twelve, pineapple field were picking up kids up to – well when I was eleven, they picked up kids up to twelve years old to work in the pineapple field.”

“So I said next year, I can work in the pineapple field cause all the kids look forward to going to work into pineapple field cause that’s about all you had on the island besides playing sports or whatever.”

“So I said, well, next year, I’ll be able to work in the pineapple field. That year, they picked (kids) up till thirteen and they stopped. And I said, well, I will have to wait the following – following year, they stopped at fourteen.”

“When I got to be fourteen, they had this law, something about you had to go to the labor board and everything, so it stopped at fifteen.”

“When I was fifteen, they said up to sixteen, and that’s it. So by the time I worked in the pineapple field, I was sixteen years old. I worked about two years (in the pineapple fields). I graduated from school when I was eighteen and I left (Lānai) and (joined) the army (in summer of 1956) and that’s it.”

“But my sister, I think she started (working in the pineapple fields) when she was twelve or eleven. Every time I wanted to be the age so I can go and work (in the) pineapple field, they stopped at the age before me.” (Charlotte Richardson Holsomback; UH Oral History, Lānai Ranch)

Maui Land & Pineapple used to have similar success in recruited youthful workers …“In years past, we had to turn kids away. There wasn’t anything else to do. Now going to work for a plantation is the last thing they want to do.” (Hnl Adv-Jun 14, 1973)

”We put on a big campaign on Kauai and Hawaii for local boys. From the Big Island we wanted 30 boys and got six. We anticipated 20 boys from Kauai and got four.” (Shuji Seki, recruiting and personnel supervisor for Maui Pine)

Hawai‘i youth were not filling the needs … “Until five years ago Maui Pine recruited 100 per cent of its labor from the island. With the rapid increase in hotels and the resulting decrease in local agricultural labor the company was forced into recruiting from the off islands and finally from the Mainland.” (Hnl Adv-Jun 14, 1973)

July 14, 2025 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Hobrons

Two brothers (Thomas Henry Hobron (1823-1889) & Ebenezer Coit Hobron (1834-1921)) came to Hawaii in about 1853 or ‘54, from New London, Conn. Thomas’ son, Thomas William Hobron, also has a role in this story.

Captain Thos. H Hobron “laid his schooner on the Kahului route and became identified with the East Maui trade, making his home at Grove Ranch, where he started the sugar plantation known by that name, which [later] consolidated with the Paia Sugar Company.”

Grove Ranch was on 3,000 acres in Hāli‘imaile and Pā‘ia; his Waihe‘e sugar mill was managed by Samuel Alexander and his field boss is H.P. Baldwin. (Orr)

“From his schooners and plantation he accumulated quite a large fortune. … [H]e engaged very successfully in the codfish and salmon expeditions sent out from San Francisco to the North Pacific. …”

On July 17, 1879 Captain Thomas H Hobron ran the first train line from Kahului to Wailuku; the 3-foot-wide was eventually extended to over 15 miles in length along the north coast to Kuiaha with a number of branch lines. (AASHTO) The Kahului & Wailuku Railroad began passenger service on Maui on, thus initiating the first rail common carrier in the Islands. (Schmitt)

That year, Hobron issued in 12 ½ cent copper tokens bearing the initials ‘T. H. H.’ (as well as G. R. P.) and ‘12 ½’ on the obverse. In the same year he also issued a 2 ½ cent copper token, intended also for use on the Kahului railroad.

Within a year or two the line was extended eastward from Kahului to Pāʻia. The enterprise was incorporated July 1, 1881 as the Kahului Railroad Company.

The Kahului station was located southeast of the harbor at Hobron Point (the east side of the harbor (which includes Pier 1)) and tracks extended through Spreckelsville as well as to the sugar mill at Puʻunene.

Hobron, who also was postmaster of Kahului, allowed mail to be sent free over the railroad. Later, in 1884, a subsidy of $25 per month was paid for hauling mail. Mail carried on the railroad was in closed bags for delivery to postmasters along the route. Probably loose letters were also carried. (HawaiianStamps)

Thomas H Hobron’s son, Thomas William Hobron, was “a druggist by profession”. (HnlAdv, March 21, 1922) “Hobron, Newman & Co were incorporated September 21, 1891. TW Hobron and ER Newman, the principals, went to San Francisco in the following October, and procured a complete stock of drugs, chemicals toilet articles, etc.”

“They opened for business on November 16^th, 1891, in a handsome new store at Fort and King sts. All car lines pass the store, so that there is not a more central stand in Honolulu.”

“On May 31^st, 1894, TW Hobron purchased ER Newman’s stock. The name of the corporation changed to Hobron Drug Co in August [1894]. One feature of the young corporation’s enterprise is its liberal advertising.” (Daily Bulletin, Dec 22, 1894)

Hobron Drug Co (that noted themselves as ‘Cut-rate Druggists,) marketed themselves saying, “Anything bearing our name is a guarantee. We cannot afford not to make good anything bearing our name.”

“We believe in generous dealing. We are going to give the people the most for their money; we are doing it every day. Test us.”

(Hawaiian Star, April 4, 1896)

Thomas William Hobron, allowed Jack London and his wife Charmian to stay in Hobron’s bungalow at Pearl Harbor. In 1906, Jack London announced he was planning a trip on a boat – the Snark – he was to build and do blue-water sailing on a round-the-world cruise. (The Snark was named after one of Lewis Carroll’s nonsense poems.)

“‘Honolulu first,’ said London yesterday. ‘After that we are not very definite. Everybody’s in good health, the bourgeoise tradesmen have finally freed us, the boat is staunch, the weather fine. What more a man wants I don’t know.’”

“‘Meet me in Paris,’ called Mrs. Jack London back through the megaphone as the boat disappeared. ‘Isn’t it glorious? Good-by, everybody!” [April 23, 1907]

“On the mainland, before sailing out through the Golden Gate, [Jack and Charmian] made the fortunate acquaintance of one, Mr. Thomas W. Hobron, artist, merchant, good fellow, and citizen of Honolulu, who spoke in this wise: …”

“‘I wonder if you two would care to put up in my little shack on the peninsula? It isn’t much to look at, and there’s only room enough for the two of you; but it’s brimful of Aloha, if you care to use it.’ …”(Jack London in Hawaii, Blunt)

“Folks flocked down to the waterfront to get a glimpse of the little craft which was designed to circumnavigate the globe.”

“A glimpse was all they got, for the Snark gave a line to Young Brothers’ tug Waterwitch and was towed to Pearl Harbor, where she dropped anchor off the Hobron place, and will probably remain there for the best part of the next two months.” (Hawaiian Gazette, May 21, 1907)

“So here are we, blessing good Tom Hobron, as we shall bless him all our years, for the gift of so idyllic a resting-spot after the tumult of our first traverse on the bit of boat yonder. …”

“Leaving the crew aboard to make everything snug, Jack and [Charmian] were carried by launch farther up the Loch to a long wooden foot-pier that leads over the shallow shore-reef to a spacious suburban place where live Albert Waterhouse and his little family.” (Jack London in Hawaii, Blunt)

Thomas Henry Hobron’s brother E Coit Hobron was a little over 18-years of age when they arrived; he became a resident of the Islands for almost 70 years. “He was prominent on Honolulu business circles for many years and was … one of the founders of the Honolulu Brewing & Malting company”. (PCA, Feb 13, 1921)

“The Honolulu Brewing and Malting Company, Limited, which has been in course of formation for several weeks. Has incorporated … A. Hocking, the Senator, is president of the new company. He is also treasurer and Mr E Coit Hobron is secretary.” (PCA, Nov 23, 1898)

A new plant and their first brew came out in 1901; “On Saturday afternoon the offices and buildings of the Honolulu Brewing and Malting Co were thrown open to the general public …”

“… a large crowd of citizens assembled at the brewery, some attracted by curiosity and a desire for knowledge and others actuated by a laudable desire to sample the product”. (Evening Bulletin, June 17, 1901)

“The Honolulu Brewing and Malting Co have a home production – ‘Primo Lager Beer’ – why not order some when it is the equal of any beer brewed?” (Honolulu Republican, June 27, 1901)

“There is not a brewery of its size in the world more thoroughly adapted to the uses designed. There have been mistakes it details and not cost has been spared to make the plant like the beer, ‘Primo.’” (Evening Bulletin, June 17, 1901)

“Following more dredging to widen a path to sea through the reef, the Territorial Government initially constructed the Ala Wai Boat Harbor in 1935 at the mouth of the Canal with purported financial support from the Hobron family, who had purchased land in the Kālia area.” (DLT) Kalia’s Hobron Lane in Waikiki is named for brothers Thomas Henry Hobron and Ebenezer Coit Hobron.

July 13, 2025 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

C&H

“Among the many varieties of sugar the most important are the sucroses and the glucoses. They form a natural group of substances, chiefly of vegetable origin. Chemically considered, all sugars are carbohydrates, that is to say, bodies composed of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.”

“Apart from sucrose, which is usually cane and beet sugar, the variety most generally met with is dextrose one of the glucoses. It possesses less sweetness than sucrose and differs from the latter in chemical composition.” (Rolph)

“Glucose enters largely into the manufacture of candy, being particularly necessary in the preparation of soft filling for creams, as a certain amount of it added to cane-sugar syrup prevents crystallization.”

“Sucrose is derived from sugar cane, maple sap, sorghum and the sugar beet. It is a solid, crystallizing in the form of monoclinic prisms, generally with hemihedral faces, which are colorless, transparent, have a sweet taste …” (Rolph)

“Sugar cane, described in botany as Saccharum officinarum, is a giant-stemmed perennial grass that grows from eight to twenty-four feet long. … As a rule, sugar cane consists of about eighty-eight per cent of juice and twelve per cent of fiber”. (Rolph)

Sugar cane is processed at two facilities: processing starts at a raw sugar factory (the mill at the sugar plantation) and finishes at a sugar refinery.

Typically, raw sugar was processed in Hawai‘i. Claus Spreckels, the “sugar king” of California, Hawaiʻi and the American West, constructed a sugar refinery in California in 1867 where the sugar was finished, packaged, and marketed/shipped.

“[W]hen the Hawaiian plantation owners organized the Sugar Factors Association, Limited, in Honolulu, the authority to dispose of crops of the Islands as a whole was vested in a special committee. These representatives of the growers then sought to enter into a new contract”.

When negotiations deteriorated, the Sugar Factors’ Association stopped all further negotiations. “The explanation of this bold show of independence on the part of the plantation owners lies in the fact that the [sugar refining company] has been getting the lion’s share of the profits of the sugar business …”

“… and the growers are now determined to get not only their profits under the contract, but also the profits on their sugar which heretofore has gone into the coffers of the [refiners].” (PCA, April 13, 1905)

Then, the news reported, “The relations hitherto existing between the Western Sugar Refinery, controlled by the Spreckels interests, and the sugar planters of the Hawaiian Islands have been ruptured.”

“The planters have acquired a controlling interest in the refinery at Crockett, Cal. … and are making preparations to operate the plant in competition with the Western Sugar Refinery.” (Hawaiian Star, Nov 3, 1905)

In 1906, the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Company began refining pure cane sugar in the small town of Crockett, California, near San Francisco.” (C&H)

Early on, it was known as California and Hawai‘i – Hawai‘i represented the place where the sugarcane grew and was initially processed; Crockett, California is where the processed sugar was refined and packaged. (C&H) A small portion was refined in the Islands; the bulk goes to Crockett. (United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit)

The new refiners noted, “It gives us great pleasure to be able to state that on or after April 1^st, 1906, the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Company, by beginning the work of refining raw sugars, will enter the field of the Refined Sugar business.”

“This Corporation, hereafter to be familiarly known as the ‘Hawaiian Refinery,’ has entered into strong and intimate relations with Hawaiian Plantation Companies.”

“Every share of our stock is owned or controlled by Hawaiian planters, or their close associates in California, and these Hawaiian shareholders are, in turn, members of the Sugar Factors Company, Limited, of Honolulu, and constitute its shareholders.” (Circular 1, SB, Feb 13, 1906)

The refinery first opened in 1906, when a man named George Morrison Rolph transformed a beet sugar refinery into an operation for refining raw cane sugar from Hawai‘i. (Wells, SFGate)

Rolph wanted to build a loyal workforce and inspire them to stick around, so he started investing heavily in the underdeveloped town. Improvements included building housing, a community center and even a park for his employees. (Wells, SFGate)

Early on, as cargo ships offloaded raw cane sugar from the Hawaiian Islands, the refinery employed 490 people and produced 67,000 tons of refined cane sugar. (C&H)

In the 1920s, some 95 percent of Crockett residents worked for the C&H. (Hayes) At its peak, just before World War II, C&H employed 2,500 workers. (Wells, SFGate)

Cane sugar contains trace minerals that are different from those in beet sugar, and it’s these minerals that many experts say make cane sugar preferable to use.

As professional bakers have long noticed, cane sugar has a low melting-point, absorbs fewer extraneous and undesirable odors, blends easily and is less likely to foam up. (C&H)

The refined sugar – the white stuff – was sold by C&H to groceries for home consumption and to the soft drink and cereal companies that were its industrial customers. (United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit)

In 1993, the member companies sold their interests in C&H to Alexander & Baldwin in Honolulu, and the refining company’s status changed from a cooperative to a corporation.

Alexander & Baldwin subsequently sold its majority share to an investment group in 1998, retaining a 40% common stock interest in the recapitalized company.

In 2005, the common stock shares were acquired by American Sugar Refining (ASR, better known as Domino Sugar), a company owned by Florida Crystals and the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida.

Florida Crystals is a privately held company that is part of FLO-SUN, a sugar empire of the Fanjul family whose origins trace to Spanish-Cuban sugar plantations of the early 19th century. (Finale)

July 12, 2025 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Swim Wear

Although sea bathing was fashionable in the 18th century, it was considered proper to keep the skin white and untouched by the sun. Ladies were protected by face-shading bonnets, shawls and gloves (for some, weights were sewn into the hem of their bathing gowns to prevent the garment from floating up and showing their legs.) (Victoriana)

In the mid-19th century bathing dresses covered most of the female figure. The ”turkish” pants (bloomers) and “paletot” dresses are made from a heavy flannel fabric which would surely weigh down the swimmer. (Victoriana)

At ocean resorts where the water was very shallow near the beach, people undressed in ‘bathing machines’ (little houses on wheels, which were drawn out into deep water by horses and hauled back to the shore when the bath was finished.)

The bathing machine allowed a modest Victorian woman to spend the day at the beach in complete privacy. After the horse would haul the cabana into the ocean, the 19th century woman would change from her layers of petticoats and dress into another layer of swimwear.

In the late-1800s and early-1900s, bathing suits were typically accessorized with long black stockings, lace-up bathing slippers, and fancy caps. Beach shoes were made of soles of twisted straw or felt with embroidered serge or crash tops and laces.

During the early 1900s, people flocked to oceanside beaches for popular seaside activities as swimming, surf bathing, and diving. The only activity for women in the ocean involved jumping through the waves while holding onto a rope attached to an off-shore buoy.

Women typically dressed in black, knee-length, puffed-sleeve wool dresses, often featuring a sailor collar, and worn over bloomers trimmed with ribbons and bows. The bathing suit was accessorized with long black stockings, lace-up bathing slippers, and fancy caps. (Victoriana)

In 1905 a lady’s bathing suit was made of ten yards of material; in 1945 it is made from one. Between these times a social revolution had taken place. (Life)

But the next year changed everything.

In 1946, two French designers, Jacques Heim and Louis Reard, developed competing prototypes of new female swimwear. Heim called his the “atom” and advertised it as “the world’s smallest bathing suit.

On July 5, 1946, French engineer Louis Réard designed a garment ‘smaller than the world’s smallest bathing suit.’ Four days earlier, the U.S. military had conducted nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll. (Time)

Réard hoped that his invention would be as explosive as that test and so called his new creation the ‘bikini.’ But at first none of the Parisian models would dare to wear his design. (Time)

Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer, was the first woman ever to wear a bikini, during a July 11, 1946, showing for the press at the fashionable Piscine Molitor in Paris. The bikini was so small it could fit into a matchbox. (Time)

Bikinis were banned from worldwide beauty pageants after the first Miss World Contest in London in 1951. As the tasteful one-piece continued to reign supreme, the bikini was later also banned in Belgium, Italy, Spain and Australia, and it was even declared sinful by the Vatican. (Time)

Sports Illustrated, Time’s sister publication published its first ever swimsuit issue in 1964. Apparently, editor Andre Laguerre could not find compelling sporting events to write about.

Fashion reporter Jule Campbell to help fill some space, including the cover, with a model. She found Babette March, and the rest is history.

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1915-1945

1917-1918-1919

1918: From left: Miss Bernice Young, Miss Frances Burtner, Miss Josephine Brixell and Mrs. E.K. Pritchard pose for photo published on the July 21, 1918 Los Angeles Times society page.