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June 30, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Laws Against ‘Forsaking of Farms’

“In the spirit of this constitutional distinction, on the 7th of June, 1830, the Nobles, with the sanction of the King, passed some ordinances or rules …”

“‘respecting applications for farms, forsaking of farms, disposing of farms, and the management of farms,’ having in view the encouragement of industry.”

“In these the landlords are recognized as a distinct and independent class of local proprietors over such portions of their lands as are actually in cultivation, subject to the claims of their tenantry …”

“… and as to those lands not in actual use, it gives a community of ownership between the government and landlords, by saying …”

“‘Those men who have no land, not even a garden, nor any place to cultivate, and yet wish to labor for the purpose of obtaining the object of their desires …”

“… may apply to the land agent, or the governor, or the King, for any piece of land which is not already cultivated by another person, and such piece shall be given him.’” (Revised Laws of Hawaii) The law noted …

“No man living on a farm whose name is recorded by his landlord, shall without cause desert the land of his landlord. Nor shall the landlord causelessly dispossess his tenant.”

“These are crimes in the eyes of the law. If any portion of the good land be overgrown with weeds, and the landlord sees that it continues thus after a year and six months from the circulation of this law of taxation …”

“… then the person whose duty it is shall put that place which he permitted to grow up with weeds under a good state of cultivation, and then leave it to his landlord.”

“This shall be the penalty for all in every place who permit the land to be overrun with weeds. The same rule shall apply to sub-landlords and sub-tenants.”

“But if any man in straitened circumstances, wish to leave his farm, or if he have business in another place, this is the course he shall pursue.”

“He shall first give notice to his landlord, and having informed him, he shall then put the farm in as good a state as he found it, after which he may leave it.”

“Furthermore, let every man who possesses a farm in the Hawaiian kingdom labor industriously with the expectation of there by securing his own personal interest, and also of promoting the welfare and peace of the kingdom.”

“Those men who have no land, not even a garden nor any place to cultivate, and yet wish to labor for the purpose of obtaining the object of their desire, may apply to the land agent, or the Governor, or the King for any piece of land which is not already cultivated by another person, and such places shall be given them.”

“The landlords and King shall aid such persons in their necessities, and they shall not go to the field labor of the King and landlords for the term of three years, after which they shall go.”

“But if neither the landlords nor King render them any aid until they bring such uncultivated ground into a good state of cultivation …”

“… and they eat of the products of the land without any aid, then they shall not for four years be required to go to the field on the labor days of the king, nor of the landlords.”

“After these years they shall go to the field and also pay taxes. But the poll tax they shall always pay.”

“It is furthermore recommended that if a landlord perceive a considerable portion of his land to be unoccupied, or uncultivated, and yet is suitable for cultivation, but is in possession of a single man, that the landlord divide out that land equally between all his tenants.”

“And if they are unable to cultivate the whole, then the landlord may take possession of what remains for himself, and seek new tenants at his discretion.” (Kingdom Laws of 1842)

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Planter-Herb Kane
Planter-Herb Kane

Filed Under: Economy, General Tagged With: Hawaii, Farm, Farmers, Kingdom Laws

June 29, 2018 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves generated by sudden displacements in the sea floor, landslides or volcanic activity. In the deep ocean, the tsunami wave may only be a few inches high.

The tsunami wave may come gently ashore or may increase in height to become a fast moving wall of turbulent water several meters high.

On March 27, 1868, whaling ships at Kawaihae on the west coast of Hawaiʻi observed dense clouds of smoke rising from Mauna Loa’s crater, Mokuʻāweoweo, to a height of several miles and reflecting the bright light from the lava pit.

On the 28th, lava broke out on the southwest flank and created a 15-mile flow to the sea. Over 300 strong shocks were felt at Kaʻū and 50 to 60 were felt at Kona.

At Kilauea, the surface of the ground quivered for days with frequent vigorous shocks that caused lamps, crockery and chairs to spin around as if animated.

Between March 28, 1868 and April 11, over 2,000 distinct shocks were felt at Kona. The main shocks struck on April 2, at 4:00 p.m., and again on April 4 at 12:30 a.m., the epicenter was located near Waiohinu.

A tsunami struck the coast from Hilo to South Cape, being most destructive at Keauhou, Puna and Honuʻapo; 180 houses were washed away and 62 lives were lost to the wave alone.

A 10-foot-high wave carried wreckage inland 800-feet. Not a house survived at Honuʻapo. A stone church and other buildings were destroyed at Punaluʻu.

Maximum wave heights were 65 feet, the highest observed on Hawaiʻi to date.

At Keauhou (now Keauhou Landing) the water rose 35-50-feet destroying all the houses and warehouses and drowning 46 people. At Hilo, the height of the wave was about 10-feet, and at Kealakekua, 6-feet. The tsunami also was observed on Maui and Oʻahu. Also felt on Lānaʻi, Maui, Oʻahu, and Kauaʻi.

“The tidal wave was much greater than before stated. It rolled in over the tops of the cocoanut trees, probably sixty feet high, and drove the floating rubbish, timber, etc., inland a distance of a quarter of a mile in some places …”

“… taking out to sea when it returned, houses, men, women, and almost everything movable. The villages Punalu‘u, Ninole, Kawa‘a and Honuapo were utterly annihilated.” (American Journal of Science, 1868)

This major earthquake caused 77 deaths (tsunami, 46; landslide, 31).

Along the Puna coast, the land subsided in places as much as 6-feet. At Kaimū, trees stood about 8-feet deep in sand and water. The plain at Kalapana sank about 6-feet, and water stood as much as 5-feet deep over 20 acres of formerly dry land.

In the 20th century, an estimated 221 people have been killed by tsunamis. Most of these deaths occurred on the Big Island during the tsunamis of 1946 and 1960, two of the largest tsunamis to strike in the Pacific.

Here is a brief summary of some recent tsunami and their impacts in Hawai‘i:

1946
The tsunami of 1946 was generated by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands.

This tsunami struck the Big Island of Hawaii on April 1st. The tsunami flooded the downtown area of Hilo killing 159 people and causing more than $26-million in damages.

1952
On November 4, 1952 a tsunami was generated by a magnitude 8.2 earthquake on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the USSR.

In Hawaii, property damage from these waves was estimated at $800,000-$1,000,000 (1952 dollars); no lives were lost. The waves beached boats, caused houses to collide, destroyed piers, scoured beaches and moved road pavement.

1957
On March 9, 1957 a tsunami was generated by a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in the Aleutian Islands.

It generated a 24-foot tsunami that did great damage on Adak Island, especially to the fuel and oil docks. The Hawaiian Islands incurred about $5,000,000 of damage in 1957 dollars. The highest wave in Hawaii was 12-feet.

1960
The tsunami of May 23, 1960 was generated by a magnitude 8.3 earthquake in Chile.

The 35-foot tsunami struck Hilo, Hawaii causing severe damage. 61-deaths were recorded and $23-million in damage occurred.

In the area of maximum destruction, only buildings of reinforced concrete or structural steel and a few others sheltered by these buildings, remained standing – and even these were generally gutted. Frame buildings were either crushed or floated nearly to the limits of the flooding.

1975
On November 29, 1975, an earthquake occurred off the coast of the Big Island of Hawaii.

When the quake-generated tsunami struck, 32 campers were at Halape Beach Park. The sound of falling rocks from a nearby cliff, along with earth movement caused the campers to flee toward the ocean.

They were then forced back to the cliff by rising ocean waters. The first wave was 5-feet high, but the second wave was 26-feet high and carried the unfortunate campers into a ditch near the base of the cliff, where they remained until the ordeal ended. Two campers died and 19 suffered injuries.

2011
An earthquake measured at 9.0 magnitude, the sixth biggest since 1900, struck Japan on March 11, 2011.

The first tsunami waves reached Kaua‘i shortly after 3 a.m. and took about 30 minutes to sweep through the island chain. Waves above 6-feet were recorded at Kahului on Maui and 3-feet at Haleiwa on the north shore of Oahu.

Lost homes, sunken boats, Kona Village Resort damage, and damaged piers and roads caused tsunami damage into the tens of millions of dollars; no one was killed or injured during the tsunami.

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1960-Hilo-May 23, 1960. A huge tidal wave – a 50-footer
1960-Hilo-May 23, 1960. A huge tidal wave – a 50-footer
Tsunami_Awareness
Tsunami_Awareness
Modeled Movement of Tsunami Marine Debris
Modeled Movement of Tsunami Marine Debris
1946-Palace-tsunami-HTH
1946-Palace-tsunami-HTH
1946-Kanakea-Railway-damaged-2Bby-2B1946-2Btsunami-HI_County
1946-Kanakea-Railway-damaged-2Bby-2B1946-2Btsunami-HI_County
1946-Hilo-tsunami_Wave_Surges_up_Wailuku_River
1946-Hilo-tsunami_Wave_Surges_up_Wailuku_River
1960-Suisan-tsunami-NOAA
1960-Suisan-tsunami-NOAA
1960_Suisan-tsunami-HTH
1960_Suisan-tsunami-HTH
1960_Boats at Wailoa-tsunami-HTH
1960_Boats at Wailoa-tsunami-HTH
1946_Tsunami-Damage_(NOAA-NGDC, Orville T. Magoon)
1946_Tsunami-Damage_(NOAA-NGDC, Orville T. Magoon)
1946_Tsunami_Damage_(NOAA-NGDC-Orville T. Magoon)
1946_Tsunami_Damage_(NOAA-NGDC-Orville T. Magoon)
1952-Haleiwa-tsunami. 11-04-52-Aerial view of Kaika Bay near Haleiwa shows the 4th wave climbing up the beach (National Geophysical Data Center)
1952-Haleiwa-tsunami. 11-04-52-Aerial view of Kaika Bay near Haleiwa shows the 4th wave climbing up the beach (National Geophysical Data Center)
1952-Hilo-boats washed ashore along the Wailoa River during 1952 tsunami-Hilo
1952-Hilo-boats washed ashore along the Wailoa River during 1952 tsunami-Hilo
1950s-Haleiwa-shows people catching stranded fish during the receding tsunami at Hale'iwa.
1950s-Haleiwa-shows people catching stranded fish during the receding tsunami at Hale’iwa.
1957 tsunami. 03-09-57 Arrival of a major wave at Laie Point on the Island of Oahu. (National Geophysical Data Center).
1957 tsunami. 03-09-57 Arrival of a major wave at Laie Point on the Island of Oahu. (National Geophysical Data Center).
1957-Hanalei
1957-Hanalei
1957-Laie-tsunami. 03-09-57 Arrival of a major wave at Laie Point on the Island of Oahu. (National Geophysical Data Center).
1957-Laie-tsunami. 03-09-57 Arrival of a major wave at Laie Point on the Island of Oahu. (National Geophysical Data Center).
1960-Hilo destruction left in the wake of tsunami generated by earthquake of May 22, 1960, off the coast of Chile.
1960-Hilo destruction left in the wake of tsunami generated by earthquake of May 22, 1960, off the coast of Chile.
1960-Hilo-Hilo Waterfront - On May 22, 1960, at 19-11 GMT, an earthquake occurred off the coast of South Central Chile.
1960-Hilo-Hilo Waterfront – On May 22, 1960, at 19-11 GMT, an earthquake occurred off the coast of South Central Chile.
1960_Wailoa-tsunami-HTH
1960_Wailoa-tsunami-HTH
1960-Clock-Time_Stands_Still
1960-Clock-Time_Stands_Still
1960-Tsunami_Memorial_Clock
1960-Tsunami_Memorial_Clock
1960-Hilo-Path of tsunami map
1960-Hilo-Path of tsunami map
1975-Halape palm grove, dead from immersion in sea water.
1975-Halape palm grove, dead from immersion in sea water.
1975-Halape- view of the Halape coast after the 1975 tsunami.
1975-Halape- view of the Halape coast after the 1975 tsunami.
1975-Halape- view of the Halape coast before the 1975 tsunami.
1975-Halape- view of the Halape coast before the 1975 tsunami.
1975-Halape-Scout Troop 77 - Halape. Two days after this photo was taken on November 29, 1975, a 30-foot tsunami washed over their camp site.
1975-Halape-Scout Troop 77 – Halape. Two days after this photo was taken on November 29, 1975, a 30-foot tsunami washed over their camp site.
1975-Hilo_Boat
1975-Hilo_Boat
1975-Keauhou_Bay
1975-Keauhou_Bay
1975-Punaluu-locally generated tsunami. 11-29-75 Damage at Punalu'u, on the Big Island of Hawai'i. (Pacific Tsunami Museum Archives).
1975-Punaluu-locally generated tsunami. 11-29-75 Damage at Punalu’u, on the Big Island of Hawai’i. (Pacific Tsunami Museum Archives).
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_receding
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_receding
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_receding_at_dock
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_receding_at_dock
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging_at_dock
2009-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging_at_dock
2011_Kailua_Bay_flooding_tsunami
2011_Kailua_Bay_flooding_tsunami
2011_Tsunami_Alii_Drive_Kailua-Kona
2011_Tsunami_Alii_Drive_Kailua-Kona
2011-Kailua-Kona-King Kamehameha Hotel restaurant and bar
2011-Kailua-Kona-King Kamehameha Hotel restaurant and bar
2011-Kailua-Kona-water receding
2011-Kailua-Kona-water receding
2011-Kealakekua_Bay-House_in_Bay
2011-Kealakekua_Bay-House_in_Bay
2011-Keauhou_Bay_Damage
2011-Keauhou_Bay_Damage
2011-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging
2011-Keauhou_Bay-water_surging
2011-Kona-kailua-kona_flooding_2011_ tsunami wave flooding in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii on March 11. Note that pier is covered.
2011-Kona-kailua-kona_flooding_2011_ tsunami wave flooding in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii on March 11. Note that pier is covered.
2011-Kona-kailuakona_receding_water_2011_tsunami wave receding in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii on March 11.
2011-Kona-kailuakona_receding_water_2011_tsunami wave receding in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii on March 11.
2011-Kona-kailua-kona_street_2011_street flooded and damaged in Kailua-Kona
2011-Kona-kailua-kona_street_2011_street flooded and damaged in Kailua-Kona
2011-The ocean receding from Pelekane Bay at Pu`ukohola Heiau National Historic Site
2011-The ocean receding from Pelekane Bay at Pu`ukohola Heiau National Historic Site
2011-Japan_Tsunami (2011) Marine Debris-simulation map
2011-Japan_Tsunami (2011) Marine Debris-simulation map

Filed Under: General, Economy Tagged With: Hawaii, Tsunami

June 27, 2018 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Nāpō‘opo‘o

“The Towns of the Natives are built along the Sea side. At Cari’ca’coo’ah [Kealakekua] Bay there were three, one [Kealakekua-Nāpō‘opo‘o] on the SE-tern side of the Bay which was very large extending near two miles along the shore, another [Kaawaloa] upon the NWtern side which was not so large, and a small Village [Palemano] in the cod or bottom of the Bay.”

“At the back of the villages upon the Brow of the Hill are their plantations of Plantains, Potatoes, Tarrow, Sugar Canes &c, each mans particular property is fenced in with a stone wall …”

“… they have a method of making the Sugar Cane grow about the walls so that the stones are not conspicuous at any distance, but the whole has the appearance of fine green fences. These Plantations in many places they carry six or seven miles up the side of the hill”. (Cook’s Journal, Clerke, March 1779)

At the time of Cook’s arrival in 1779, high chief Kalani‘ōpu‘u had his chiefly residence at Ka‘awaloa while the priests associated with this chiefly complex had their residences across the bay at Kekua (Nāpō‘opo‘o). Kamehameha I was also residing at Nāpō‘opo‘o in 1779.

Nāpō‘opo‘o and Ka‘awaloa represent the two major settlements along the northern and southern sides of Kealakekua Bay with continuity in occupation from the pre-contact period, around 1600 and earlier, into the 20th Century.

Ka‘awaloa and Nāpō‘opo‘o are situated on gently sloping land around the base of the cliff called Pali Kapu o Keōua. Beyond the pali, the land slopes upward in a moderately steep fashion toward the summit of Mauna Loa, about 20 miles due east of Kealakekua Bay.

The pali is a steep, 600-foot-high sea cliff, approximately 1.5 miles long, and the most imposing geological feature in Kealakekua Bay. Above the bay, the vertical cliff edge of the northern portion of the pali above Ka‘awaloa is marked by numerous lava tubes. As the pali turns inland at the south end, it is less steep and is referred to as Pali o Manuahi.

Nāpō‘opo‘o Beach is covered entirely with basalt boulders and coral cobbles during most tide conditions. Up to and during much of the twentieth century, the beach was sand-covered. The transformation of the beach may have been due to multiple factors, including subsidence, tsunami, and earthquake events.

The priestly compound at Nāpō‘opo‘o consists of Hikiau Heiau, Helehelekalani Heiau, the Great Wall, the brackish pond to the north of Hikiau Heiau, and the housesites of the priests, including Hewahewa, high priest to Kamehameha I.

Hikiau Heiau was the state-level religious center for this chiefly complex at Kealakekua Bay. The Great Wall marks the mauka (eastern) boundary of this priestly compound. The annual tour of the island associated with the Makahiki season began and ended at Hikiau Heiau. (DLNR)

Vancouver arrived at Kealakekua in 1793 and also noted the priest’s settlement around Hikiau Heiau and the pond. He recorded 200 houses along the ½-mile of beach at Nāpō‘opo‘o, as well as, the residence of Kamehameha I located behind the pond.

The missionaries arrived at Kealakekua Bay in 1824 and established a mission at Ka‘awaloa Flat. Because of the heat, the missionaries moved the mission upslope to Kuapehu in 1827. (DLNR)

“Besides my schools and all the concerns – you see I have but little time to make tours with out neglecting important work… The consequence is I seldom get as far as Honaunau, which I might visit and return the same day …”

“… nor do I get so much among the people at Napopo & Kei [Napoopoo and Keei] as I wish. I suppose there are, something like 2000 inhabitants on that side of the bay in the villages of Kealakekua, Napopo–Keii [Napoopoo & Keei].” Forbes; Maly, 1835)

Many of the Hawaiians continued to live along the coast and Rev. Forbes decided to move the mission station to Nāpō‘opo‘o in 1838 and constructed the first Kahikolu Church in 1840. (DLNR)

In 1852 the Rev. John Paris, who had been at Waiohinu for ten years, was assigned to the Kealakekua district. He wrote that the name Ka‘awaloa was used, by the Hawaiians, more often than Kealakekua. Ka‘awaloa means the long landing place, and this bay does afford more landing space than others on the Kona coast.

In the mid-1860s, Mr. Logan purchased the ahupua‘a and developed a sugar plantation while the makai lands and 5 coconut trees were leased by S. Kekumano, the jailer. Pineapple and sugarcane were planted and cultivated by the prisoners. The prison was used until around 1875. (Restarick)

By 1875, the ahupua‘a had been bought and sold a number of times. JD Paris, Jr was the owner of the ahupua‘a, leasing the flat around the bay, the pali, and coconut trees to H. Haili, grandson of konohiki Nunole. Jailer Kekumano still held the pond lease, even though the prison was seldom used by this time.

While Ka‘awaloa remained a fishing community with a small wharf for loading cattle, Nāpō‘opo‘o was part of the larger market economy because of the more substantial landing/wharf built at Nāpō‘opo‘o in 1912. (DLNR)

“(It) is a regular steamer landing, and the village is quite a large and important one, with the largest store in South Kona. At the north end of the village is one of the very finest sand bathing beaches on the island.”

“Hackfeld & Co. branch moved into the largest and finest business block in Hilo …Hackfeld & Co., Ltd., also have branch stores at Kailua and Nāpō‘opo‘o, in the Kona district.” (Kinney, 1913)

Ships arrived here regularly to both load and unload goods. Coffee and ranching were integral to this economy in the early-1900s with coffee beans and cattle being shipped out from the Nāpō‘opo‘o landing. Unloaded at Nāpō‘opo‘o were lumber, gasoline, mail, and other goods for the Kealakekua area.

There were 3 coffee mills in the Nāpō‘opo‘o area. One was the Hackfeld/Amfac Coffee Mill operated by John Gaspar. This mill was along the lower portion of the Nāpō‘opo‘o (Government) Road and the foundation is still present within Kealakekua Bay.

The Hawaii Coffee Mill was built along the Nāpō‘opo‘o Beach Road to the south of the landing. The Captain Cook Coffee Mill is located mauka on the Nāpō‘opo‘o Road. This mill is said to have started as a pineapple cannery. The Captain Cook Coffee Mill is still operating with a museum and visitor’s center.

There were at least 3 stores in the area. One store was located on the southeast corner at the intersection of the Nāpō‘opo‘o (Government) Road and the Nāpō‘opo‘o Beach Access Road.

This store was first owned and run by a Japanese family named Arima. The store was later bought by Machado. Another store was in the vicinity of the former County park. This store was converted to a bar owned by a Korean man in the 1950s. The third store was owned by Hackfeld and located at the landing. These latter 2 stores were destroyed by the 1960 tsunami.

There were also 2 churches in the town, one Catholic and one Protestant. The Catholic church and cemetery, called St. Joseph’s, were located to the east (mauka) of the Amfac Coffee Mill.

This church was torn down sometime after 1970. The Protestant church is Kahikolu, which was first built in 1840 and built again in 1854 by Reverend Paris when the original structure was destroyed by an earthquake.

The Nāpō‘opo‘o schoolhouse is located just makai of Kahikolu Church. This one-room stone masonry structure still remains but was replaced by Konawaena School in Kealakekua town in the early 1900s. (DLNR)

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Kealakekua Bay-Henry Roberts with Cook expedition-1779-portion
Kealakekua Bay-Henry Roberts with Cook expedition-1779-portion
Cattle Pens-Napoopoo-early 1900s-DLNR
Cattle Pens-Napoopoo-early 1900s-DLNR
Loading Cattle-Napoopoo-early 1900s-DLNR
Loading Cattle-Napoopoo-early 1900s-DLNR
Lumber floated ashore at Napoopoo-1920s-DLNR
Lumber floated ashore at Napoopoo-1920s-DLNR
Aerial view of Napoopoo-PP-30-5-027-1935
Aerial view of Napoopoo-PP-30-5-027-1935
Ukulele player on the beach at Napoopoo-PP-30-5-028-1935
Ukulele player on the beach at Napoopoo-PP-30-5-028-1935
Napoopoo-PP-30-5-010-1931
Napoopoo-PP-30-5-010-1931
Napoopoo-PP-29-11-021
Napoopoo-PP-29-11-021
Aerial view of Napoopoo-PP-30-5-021-Jan 24, 1925
Aerial view of Napoopoo-PP-30-5-021-Jan 24, 1925
Gaspar Coffee Mill-1930-DLNR
Gaspar Coffee Mill-1930-DLNR
Lauhala weavers, Napoopoo, Hawaii-PP-33-6-003-1935
Lauhala weavers, Napoopoo, Hawaii-PP-33-6-003-1935
Napoopoo-Stoke's Map-early-1900s-DLNR
Napoopoo-Stoke’s Map-early-1900s-DLNR

Filed Under: Economy, General, Hawaiian Traditions, Place Names Tagged With: Kona, Kealakekua, Kaawaloa, Napoopoo, Kealakekua B, Hawaii, Hawaii Island

June 26, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Pantheon Saloon

“If you want to eat go to a restaurant. If you want to drink go to a saloon, and if you want a good drink of the best beer on the market go to the Pantheon. No silver mugs (glass is good enough for a thirsty man), no clam chowder. In fact no Chinese hash house in ours.”

“Just plain Enterprise beer. No first awards or medals needed. If you got one glass you want two and you don’t care whether you drink it out of a silver mug or a pail. The quantity of Enterprise beer consumed in Honolulu equals that of all other beers combined. Call at the Pantheon. James Dodd, Prop.” (Evening Bulletin, October 8, 1896)

Dodd opened the Pantheon in 1878 … ”Mr. James Dodd has leased the premises known as the Bartlett House, at the corner of Hotel and Fort streets, to be called hereafter the Pantheon Hotel.”

“The premises have been renovated, repaired, painted and papered throughout, making them look almost as good as new. Mr Dodd has had experience in the hotel business, and from his urbanity of manner and good business habits we doubt not but the new place will be well kept.”

“He intends to have, in connection with the hotel, a finely arranged livery stable with a full complement of carriages and saddle horse for the accommodation of the public.”

“This latter arrangement will be a great convenience, and we hope Mr. D. will be well supported in both undertakings.” (Hawaiian Gazette, October 30, 1878) (An associated advertisement in the same paper noted, “The best ales, wines and liquors constantly on hand.”)

He later replaced the building … “The old Pantheon building that has stood on the corner of Fort and Hotel streets for so many years is a thing of the past.”

“Mr. James Dodd has caused it to be torn down, and on its site he intends erecting a building with a fifty feet front on each street.”

“The new building will be one story in height with a seventeen foot ceiling, and will be opened as a billiard and bar room when completed.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, March 24, 1883) “Mr James Dodd’s Pantheon Saloon is nearly finished building. It is very handsomely designed.” (Daily Bulletin, May 23, 1883)

Then, “Disastrous Conflagration. Last Tuesday night witnessed one of the most disastrous fires that has ever occurred in this city. … In a few moments, … at 12:35 am, the bells pealed forth their alarm, but several minutes elapsed before the engines were started on their way to the fire.”

“Engine No. 1 was manned by only Jim Ward and 3 or 4 boys until Mr. Evans assisted, and although there were from 20 to 30 men running alongside of the engine, on the sidewalk, scarcely any of them could be prevailed upon to assist in dragging the engine, which unnecessarily delayed its arrival at the fire. …”

“By the time the first alarm was sounded from the Bell Tower, Mr. J. B. Warner watchman at Dodd’s Stables assisted by Joe Wiseman and Jim Sherwood, had connected the 2-inch private hose, belonging to the Pantheon Stables, with their water pipe …”

“… and mounting a ladder entered the second floor of Fishel’s building and played on the fire for nearly twenty minutes before any of the engines could get a stream of water on the building.”

“This doubtless saved Dodd’s Stables from catching fire by keeping the fire from making rapid headway until the engines got fairly to work, as It was not until 12:58 am – 23 minutes after – the first stream of water was started. …”

“It was only after frequent attempts, during which several bystanders were thoroughly drenched with water, that they finally succeeded in getting ready for operations …”

“… and their first performance was to play from their station opposite the Parisian restaurant on Hotel street, over the rear of Dodd’s stables and Pantheon saloon, drenching many of the lookers-on of both sexes who were on the side walk hemmed by ropes stretched across the street and along the sidewalk, so they were unable to escape in time.”

“This proceeding was totally unnecessary, as by this time the upper portion of Fishel’s building had fallen in and Dodd’s stables were past all danger of taking fire. The Pacific Hose Co. No. 1 and Protection Hook and Ladder Co were stationed on Hotel street opposite the Pantheon saloon and did effective service. …” (Saturday Press, January 24, 1885)

Then, later that year, “About half-past 2 o’clock yesterday morning, Mr. James Dodd, who was sleeping in a room in the second story of Campbell’s block, Hotel street, immediately opposite his extensive stables, was awakened by the crackling sound of fire and the pungent smell of smoke.”

“Looking out of the window, he saw a bright flame rising from near the northwest corner of the large building known as Bertleman’s mill on Fort street.”

“As this locality adjoined his stables and was on their windward side, Mr. Dodd knew that for the third time his property was in danger from fire, and made all speed to the stables. …”

“The night was clear and bright, and, fortunately, there was but little wind, so although the Pantheon stables on the side next the fire were deeply charred, they were saved from destruction.”

“On the north side of the burning mill, however, the flames communicated with a dwelling-house standing but a few feet distant, and it, with a smaller building in the rear, was totally consumed.”

“This dwelling was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. McShane and some lodgers. None of the occupants of this house or of Rose Cottage succeeded in saving anything but a little clothing and a few trifles….”

“A noticeable feature of the fire was the admirable order preserved by all. Though there was the Pantheon Saloon standing unprotected, and in such imminent danger of being burned that in many cities the crowd would have felt themselves justified in trying to save its contents …”

“… and secure unlimited drinks at the same time the place was not touched, and even when the suggestion was made that the firemen and sailors might have a bottle or two of whisky distributed among them, the idea found no supporters and nobody got drunk.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, May 4, 1885)

Dodd died … “There are many a poor fellow who will miss ‘Jim’ because the hand of our late fellow citizen was always in his purse, and ready to help some who deserved help and very many who did not deserve it.”

“Mr Dodd was born in Ireland in 1848 and was Irish to the backbone. He had live an adventurous life and finally settled in Honolulu in the early 70s. As owner of the Pantheon saloon he became very popular and through his excellent business and successful operations in stocks and real estate he made considerable money.” (The Independent, January 22, 1900)

Later that year, the Pantheon faced fire again … “The Pantheon saloon block will be destroyed by fire this morning. Orders were Issued last night by Chief Hunt to have everything in readiness for the application of the torch by 6:30 o’clock.”

“The condemned area extends from Ed Williams’ undertaking parlors to Hotel street, thence to the lanai of the New England Bakery, taking in the whole block which Includes the Uncle Sam restaurant, the Owl lunch rooms, the Pantheon livery stables, the saloon and barber shop and John Phillips’ plumbing establishment.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 7, 1900)

The Pantheon was brought back, again … “Yesterday afternoon workmen commenced breaking ground for a new building to be erected on the old Pantheon site, comer of Fort and Hotel streets. The ground is owned by the Widemann estate. LC Ables, David Dayton and the estate of James Dodd have an unexpired five-years’ lease on the property.” (Honolulu Republican, June 27, 1900)

“Like the Phoenix the Pantheon arose from its ashes. Although it is not on the same spot it is so near It that one looking for the favorite drinking place cannot go far astray.”

“Ever since the old Pantheon was started many years ago by the late James Dodd it has been noted for the good cheer obtainable there. Now that Its old proprietor Is no more, the reputation of the place is kept up to its former old standard and there is nothing to be desired in the way of refreshment for the inner man that cannot be obtained there.”

“The Pantheon is homelike and as an oasis in a desert to the tired and thirsty traveller. It is the place to drop in and take a drop. … The Pantheon Saloon is the whole name of the place. Everybody knows it by the name Pantheon.”

“The name of the saloon is over the door. It is on Hotel street. There the thirst may be refreshed and the weary rest.” (Honolulu Republican, June 16, 1901)

Later, Joe Silva took over the operation – he opened with a Luau at the Pantheon, “Tonight is opening night at the Pantheon saloon (late Jim Dodd), now under the management of Joe T Silva, assisted by Dick Sullivan. A big spread awaits the public and friend at the new managers. Don’t forget the location – Hotel and Fort Streets.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, July 7, 1906)

Silva was later “notified by the owners of the Pantheon block that he will he will have to vacate … the new place into which he expects to move will not be completed for about three months and during the interim her will be out of business.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, October 8, 1910) The marque at 1129 Nu‘uanu Avenue identifies the building as ‘1911 – JT Silva – Pantheon’.

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Pantheon-Jim Dodd-advertisement on building-Fort & Hotel-and horse drawn keg-1900
Pantheon-Jim Dodd-advertisement on building-Fort & Hotel-and horse drawn keg-1900
The Pantheon Saloon and Stables far left, and Chas. J. Fishel clothing store on right-PPWD-8-8-008
The Pantheon Saloon and Stables far left, and Chas. J. Fishel clothing store on right-PPWD-8-8-008
Pantheon-business burned-(had Jim Dodd advertisement)
Pantheon-business burned-(had Jim Dodd advertisement)
Pantheon-1911-Silva
Pantheon-1911-Silva
Pantheon-Silva-1918
Pantheon-Silva-1918
Pantheon Block Hawaii Gazette July 20 1909
Pantheon Block Hawaii Gazette July 20 1909
039-Honolulu Sanford Fire Maps-1914-Honolulu
039-Honolulu Sanford Fire Maps-1914-Honolulu
Honolulu and Vicinity-Dakin-Fire Insurance- 05-Map-1906
Honolulu and Vicinity-Dakin-Fire Insurance- 05-Map-1906
Downtown and Vicinity-Dakin-Fire Insurance- 5-Map-1891
Downtown and Vicinity-Dakin-Fire Insurance- 5-Map-1891

Filed Under: Economy, Buildings Tagged With: Hawaii, Pantheon Block, Pantheon Saloon, Jim Dodd, Joe Silva

June 25, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

John Meek

John Meek (Nov. 24, 1791 – Jan. 29, 1875) came to Hawaii from Massachusetts in 1809 along with his brother Captain Thomas Meek, who was engaged in the Northwest trade.

“A few year later he himself became captain, and continued in the same trade for many years. In 1830 or ’31, he became a resident of this port, occasionally making voyages to the Northwest Coast, China and other ports.” (Hawaiian Gazette, February 3, 1875)

“He sailed from this port in cant capacity on a number of voyages to China and the coast of Mexico, but has been a permanent resident of this Island for the past fifty years. The late John J. Astor thought so highly of Captain Meek that he built a ship specially for him.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 30, 1875)

“For more than twenty years he held a commission as pilot of this harbor, and for the past few years was also harbor master.” (Hawaiian Gazette, February 3, 1875)

“‘Vessels approaching Honolulu and desiring a Pilot, will set their national ensign and pilot signal, on which he will go on immediately.’ The great number of ships coming in from Lahaina, and intending to lie off and on, or to come to anchor without employing a pilot, renders attention to the above requirement of the Harbor Laws necessary.”

“The undersigned will give prompt attendance on all vessels that require his services, but he wishes it to be understood that he will not go off without being signalized as required in the above quoted law, a compliance with which will be necessary to justify
any future complaint against him for want of attention to duty.” (John Meek; Polynesian, July 6, 1844)

“He was the firm friend and often advisor of the chiefs and successive Kings of these Islands, from the days of the first Kamehameha to the present time”.

“He was the last surviving pioneer of the Order of Free Masons in the Pacific, having been one of the ten who were instituted as “Lodge le Progres de l’Oceanie,” No. 124, by Captain Le Tellier, in 1843.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 30, 1875)

“He engaged extensively in the grazing business, and took especial pains to introduce improved breeds of cattle and horses into the country. Combined with the plain and bluff manner of the true sailor, Capt. John Meek was noted for his probity of character, and a genial kindness of disposition.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, January 30, 1875)

“America is the home of the turkey …. In 1815 Queen Ka‘ahumanu went aboard a trading schooner and saw turkeys Capt. John Meek had obtained in Chile.”

“Never had she seen such large birds before. Upon going ashore she told the king. The king went to the vessel and asked for the birds. Upon refusal he seized the turkeys and went ashore.”

“The birds later escaped. On the slopes of the island’s volcanoes and even in the United States national park wild turkeys are fairly numerous, believed to be descendants of those brought to the islands by Captain Meek.” (Smithfield Times, February 25, 1937)

Meek is also credited with bringing the first documented mango into the islands in 1824. He had given some seedlings to Don Francisco de Marín, advisor to Kamehameha I; Marín is most often credited with planting the first mango tree in Hawai‘i soil, near what is now the corner of Vineyard Boulevard and River Street.

The fruit it bore became the progenitor of the “Hawaiian” mango – a strain that was dubbed “Manini” for the nickname Hawaiians gave Marín. The Manini is also known as the Common mango because, as its name suggests, it’s seen throughout the Islands. It’s a medium-size, juicy fruit with a large seed and skin that turns from light green to rosy-yellow as it ripens. (Lo; Hana Hou)

Meek was a defendant in one of the first landmark cases dealing with the rights of native tenants. (Oni v. Meek) In 1858, Oni, a tenant of the ahupua’a of Honouliuli, O’ahu, filed suit against John Meek, who had a lease over the entire ahupuaʻa. Oni brought suit when some of his horses, which had been pastured on Meek’s land, were impounded and sold.

Oni claimed that he had a right to pasture his horses on the land division as one of his traditional tenant rights (by custom and by language in the Kuleana Act.)

Oni notes, “We are hoaʻāina. We live on the land and grow our crops, and in return we work for the konohiki a few days a week. We call these labor days. The rest of the week, we have the right to use the lands for certain things, like gathering firewood, fishing, and pasturing animals. It’s our custom, our tradition.”

“I take care of the land on labor days, so I can use the land to pasture my horses. Mr. Meek uses the Chief’s land like we do. We all take care of things together, so we should share the land, just like before.” (Judiciary History Center)

On September 22, 1858 the Police Court of Honolulu rendered a judgment for Oni. Meek was ordered to pay $80.00 for two horses and $4.00 in court costs. At the request of the defendant (Meek,) the case was appealed to the Hawai‘i Supreme Court.

Oni was the first Hawaiʻi Supreme Court case to discuss “the rights common people to go to the mountains, and the seas attached to their own particular land exclusively” in the 1850 Kuleana Act.

The Supreme Court noted, “the claim of a right of pasturage, put forward by the plaintiff, is made to rest upon far broader grounds than that just mentioned, which fact renders this case one of great importance, not only to the large landed proprietors throughout the Kingdom, but to thousands of the common people.”

“It is contended on behalf of the plaintiff that he, as a hoaʻāina of Honouliuli, has a right to pasture his animals on the kula land of that ahupua‘a, upon one or both of two grounds; first, by custom; or secondly, by statute law.”

“It appears by the evidence that horses were first introduced on the ahupua‘a of Honouliuli about the year 1833; that within ten years afterwards they had become numerous ; and that the horses belonging to the hoaʻāinas were allowed to pasture upon the kula land, in common with those of the konohiki.”

The Supreme Court was concerned with the right of a private property owner to use the land as he individually wished without having to share its use. The court said “the custom contended for is so unreasonable, so uncertain, and so repugnant to the spirit of the present laws, that it ought not to be sustained by judicial authority.”

The court also said “…it is perfectly clear that, if the plaintiff (Oni) is a hoaʻāina, holding his land by virtue of a fee simple award from the Land Commission, he has no pretense for claiming a right of pasturage by custom.” (Judicial History Center)

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Meek. For over a hundred years, the Oni v Meek case appeared to foreclose claims based on custom. (MacKenzie) The last fifty years of his life he was a resident of Honolulu and died January 29, 1875. (Kamakau)

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Captain-John_Meek-WC
Captain-John_Meek-WC
Captain_John_Meek-WC
Captain_John_Meek-WC
Oni v Meek-Judicial History Center
Oni v Meek-Judicial History Center

Filed Under: General, Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Hawaiian Traditions, Economy Tagged With: Hawaii, Traditional and Customary Practices, Oni v Meek, John Meek

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