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September 15, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

I aliʻi nō ke aliʻi i ke kānaka

A chief is a chief because of the people who serve him (Pukui 1983:125, verse 1150))

McGregor and MacKenzie (2014:96-105) provide a general description of governance at the Island, moku (district), ahupuaʻa and family scale.

“Although the ruling chiefs and their land stewards enjoyed certain appropriation rights over the land and the people, … this was a system of mutual obligation and benefit between the chiefs and the people.”

“The aliʻi nui (paramount chief) and aliʻi ʻai moku (district chiefs) controlled the land that was distributed among the makaʻāinana (common people).”

“The aliʻi nui (paramount chiefs) and aliʻi ʻai moku (district chiefs) were obligated to manage and oversee the production on the land in a manner that provided for the well-being of all the people through pono or balanced and judicious rule.”

“They regulated the use of scarce resources; apportioned these resources among the people according to principles of fair usage; regulated the use of water, which was the most valued resource of the land …”

“… assured that the irrigation systems were properly maintained; conducted proper rituals to the gods who embodied nature; and conserved the resources of the land through restriction and replacement policies.”

“In return, the families of commoners were obliged to provide labor service and products of the land to the aliʻi (chiefs) and konohiki (land stewards).”

“Functionally, the stratified structure for land utilization and stewardship followed this following basic hierarchy:
• aliʻi nui (paramount chief) of the island
• aliʻi ʻai moku (district chiefs) to oversee each moku
• aliʻi ʻai ahupuaʻa (land division chiefs) overseeing the ahupuaʻa
• konohiki (land chief, headman) who resided in the ahupuaʻa
• luna (and stewards) who assisted with specific issues (i.e. luna wai was responsible for the fresh water flow and irrigation system)
• makaʻāinana (common people) never owned or ruled land”

“While Native Hawaiian oral traditions record cases of arbitrary, irresponsible, and self-serving ruling chiefs who abused the people, they were clearly exceptional cases and such chiefs were quickly replaced with responsible chiefs who cared for the well-being of the people.”

The Hawaiian proverb (‘ōlelo no‘eau), “I aliʻi no ke aliʻi i ke kānaka,” “A chief is a chief because of the people who serve him,” reflects the Hawaiian attitude that the greatness of a chief was judged according to the welfare of the people under him. (McGregor 2007:29)

The Hawaiian historian David Malo wrote, “In former times, before Kamehameha, the chiefs took great care of their people. That was their appropriate business, to seek the comfort and welfare of the people, for a chief was called great in proportion to the number of his people”.

As the Native Hawaiian society became more stratified, kapu (sacred restrictions) were employed to elevate and separate the aliʻi nui (paramount chiefs) from the lesser aliʻi (chiefs) and the makaʻāinana (commoners). (Art by Herb Kane.)

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Royalty-(HerbKane)
Royalty-(HerbKane)

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance Tagged With: Hawaii, Chief, Chiefs

September 14, 2018 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Hind-Clarke Dairy

Robert Hind and Hannah Peirce Low were married in Honolulu, April 26, 1892. In 1893 he entered into a partnership with his brother-in-law, Eben P. Low, in the cattle ranch on the Island of Hawaii, now known as Puuwaawaa.

In 1903 Mr. Hind purchased Mr. Low’s interest in the ranch and took over full management of the property, resigning his position with the Hawi Mill and Plantation Co., Ltd. which he had held continuously since 1885. Mr. Hind now has more than two thousand head of cattle on the Puuwaawaa ranch.

Identified for forty years with the development of cattle ranching and dairying in Hawaii, Robert Hind, son of a pioneer sugar planter who came to the islands from England in the 60’s, has also been prominent in public life and at present is devoting most of his attention to the improvement of land holdings on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. (Nellist)

In 1918 Robert Hind started Kapahulu Dairy. (Kelly) In 1924, Hind purchased 2,090-acres and established the Hind-Clarke Dairy with John K Clarke. “Rancher and Cattleman To Import 100 Pure Bred Guernseys At Once Will Be Added To Stock Ready for Opening of Hind-Clarke Dairy”

“One hundred pure bred Guernsey milch cows for the Hind-Clarke dairy, which is to be opened for business in the Waialae district later in the summer, will arrive from San Francisco June 30, announces Robert Hind, rancher and dairyman, who returned from the mainland on the steamer Wilhelmina Tuesday.”

“The cows, which represent one of the largest purchases of milch cows ever made for any dairy In Hawaii, were obtained by Hind during his recent trip to the mainland. The cost of the cows has not yet been announced, but it will total many thousands of dollar.”

“‘The cows are of the purest breed.’ explained Hind in discussing his purchase. ‘I bought them in Wisconsin and I expect them to arrive about the latter part of June.’”

“‘These cows will produce the highest quality of milk, which will be of a rich color and of a taste for which the Guernsey is famous. The animals have the best kind of pedigrees and would be valuable additions to any dairy.’”

“The dairy already has 150 Holstein cows, which produce milk In quantity, and the coming herd will increase his herd to at least 250 milk producers.”

“During his visit on the mainland Hind visited many of the leading dairies of the United States. He studied their methods and has brought back to Hawaii many ideas and plans for the dairy.”

“According to present plans the Hind-Clarke dairy will wholesale and retail milk. The dairy will specialize in certified milk and it is planned to make the dairy one of the most efficient In the islands. Modern machinery, such as bottling machines, will be used In the dairy, Hind added.”

“Hind for some years has been operating a large dairy at Kaimuki, but bought a big tract of land between Kaimuki and Koko Head and is developing a model dairy plant there, construction of which has been under way for many months.”

“John K. Clarke is associated with him and O. A. Young, dairy expert, formerly of Seattle. is resident manager.” (Star Bulletin, June 10, 1925)

The Hind-Clarke Dairy was a favored stop along the road, as noted in a 1930 visitor’s guide …

“The Hind-Clarke Dairy, a short way ahead and to our left with a large sign over the entrance, is not to be passed unnoticed. The dairy is a model of its kind and well affords an opportunity to see dairying in its most scientific form. The cottage cheese on sale is, perhaps, the most delicious you have ever tasted.” (Cultural Surveys)

“And Hind-Clarke Dairy had this drive-in where they had their own ice cream parlor [Hind-Clarke Drive Inn]. And later on it got to be known as M’s Ranch House.” (‘M’ referencing Mona Hind Holmes, Robert’s daughter.)

“Until only recently it was still there, and they finally closed down. But it started out as a Hind-Clarke Dairy ice cream parlor, but people drove in there to buy ice cream.” (Yamaguchi Oral History)

Robert Hind died in December 1938. Robert Hind, Ltd, under the direction of Trustee John K. Clarke (who oversaw the trust until his death in 1951), continued operation of the Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a Ranch holdings, and various interests both on Hawai‘i (Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a, Captain Cook, and Honomalino) and O‘ahu (Aina Haina). (Rechtman)

In 1946, the ‘Āina Haina dairy operation was sold to Creameries of America, and soon after that began to develop the remainder of his land for residential use.

The former cattle pasture was subdivided into lots to form a new residential community called ‘Āina Haina (which means, “Hind’s land.”)

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Hind Clarke Dairy aerial-1930s
Hind Clarke Dairy aerial-1930s
robert-hind
robert-hind
Aina_Haina_Valley_Honolulu-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Aina_Haina_Valley_Honolulu-(gsu-edu)-1930s
People standing in front of the Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
People standing in front of the Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Hind-Clarke Dairy Truck-Women_of_YWCA_helping_out-(maunalua-net)
Hind-Clarke Dairy Truck-Women_of_YWCA_helping_out-(maunalua-net)
Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley, Honolulu-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley, Honolulu-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand-(maunalua-net)-1930s
Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand-(maunalua-net)-1930s
Hind-Clarke Dairy Cattle going to Milking Barn-Henke-UH-1929
Hind-Clarke Dairy Cattle going to Milking Barn-Henke-UH-1929
Hind-Clarke Dairy Drive Inn Ad-Adv-June 16, 1933
Hind-Clarke Dairy Drive Inn Ad-Adv-June 16, 1933
Sign posted within the garage of the Hind-Clarke_Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Sign posted within the garage of the Hind-Clarke_Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Sign posted within the garage of the Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Sign posted within the garage of the Hind-Clarke Dairy Ice Cream Stand, Aina Haina Valley-(gsu-edu)-1930s
Hind Clarke Dairy Token-(maunalua-net)
Hind Clarke Dairy Token-(maunalua-net)
Ranch House
Ranch House
M's Ranch House
M’s Ranch House
Hind-Clarke Dairy Patch-(maunalua-net)
Hind-Clarke Dairy Patch-(maunalua-net)
1940s-hind-clarke-surfer
1940s-hind-clarke-surfer
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Bottle
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Bottle
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Bottle-(back)
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Bottle-(back)
Hind-Clarke Dairy-Milk Cap
Hind-Clarke Dairy-Milk Cap
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Cap
Hind-Clarke Dairy Milk Cap

Filed Under: Economy, General, Prominent People Tagged With: Aina Haina, Robert Hind, Hind-Clarke Dairy, John Clarke, Ranch House, Hawaii, Oahu, Hind

September 13, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Charles Seaforth Stewart

Charles Seaforth Stewart was born at sea, April 11, 1823, on board the American ship Thames, in N. Lat. 8 degrees, 30 minutes, W. Long. 134 degrees of the Pacific Ocean.

He was the only son of the Reverend Charles Samuel Stewart, missionary to the Hawaiian Islands, and of Harriet Bradford Tiffany (Stewart). He was the great-grandson of Colonel Charles Stewart of New Jersey, Commissary General of Issues of the Army of the Revolution and member of the Continental Congress.

His ancestors were Scotch-Irish; Stewarts of Garlies and Gortlee. The father of Colonel Charles Stewart having resided upon the family demesne of Gortlee, Donegal County, Ireland. Harriet Bradford Tiffany came also of Revolutionary stock, her forefathers having landed on the Massachusetts’ coast in 1663.

Stewart’s boyhood was passed mostly at Cooperstown, Otsego County, New York, and at Princeton, New Jersey, where he received his classical education at Edgehill School.

When some seventeen years of age, with his father he made the three years’ European cruise as captain’s clerk aboard the U. S. S. Brandywine.

Soon after his return to the United States he was appointed a cadet at the U. S. Military Academy, from New Jersey, entering September 1, 1842, and being graduated July 7, 1846, at the head of his class, numbering fifty-nine members, the largest class that had up to that time been graduated from the Academy. (US Military Academy, Annual Reunion, 1904)

“No single group of men at West Point – or possibly any academy – has been so indelibly written into history as the class of 1846. The names are legendary …”

“Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson, George B. McClellan, Ambrose Powell Hill, Darius Nash Couch, George Edward Pickett, Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox, and George Stoneman.”

Graduating just as the Mexican War began, fifty-three of the fifty-nine member of this class (the largest in the Academy’s history to that time) fought in Mexico. Four of them lost their lives there. Two more were killed fighting Indians in the 1850s. (Waugh)

Ten members of that class became Confederate generals; twelve became Union generals; three of the Confederates and one of the Unionists were killed or mortally wounded in action during the Civil War. (CivilWarTalk)

“The class fought in three wars, produced twenty generals, and left the nation a lasting legacy of bravery, brilliance, and bloodshed.” (Waugh)

Stewart “was graduated from US Military Academy and promoted in the Army as Second Lieutenant, Corps of Engineers, July 1, 1846, and passed through all the intermediate grades to that of Colonel …”

“… receiving the brevet of Lieutenant Colonel, February 25, 1865, ‘for long, faithful and efficient services’; and declining the brevet of Colonel, March 13, 1865, ‘for gallant and meritorious services during the Rebellion.’”

On April 15, 1857, (he) married at Buffalo, NY, Cecilia Sophia DeLouville Tardy, granddaughter of Alexis Evstaphieve, Russian Consul General at New York. Mrs. Stewart, born October 22, 1836, died at San Francisco, Cal., November 24, 1886.”

“Three children were born of this marriage—Charles Seymour Stewart, April 12, 1858; died, February 8, 1893. Cecil Stewart, born April 12, 1864, and now a Captain in the Fourth Regiment of Cavalry. Cora Stewart, born March 15, 1873; died, February 1, 1876.”

“Stewart was retired from active service, at his own request, September 16, 1886, having served forty years as a Commissioned Officer. He was appointed a Brigadier General U. S. Army, retired, in accordance with the act of Congress, approved April 23, 1904.”

After retiring from active service, Stewart went to Cooperstown, New York, where still lived kinsmen and friends of his boyhood.

Here he led a quiet life, interested in town and church and local charities, devoting time and labor to genealogical research in which he took a lively interest. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, the Loyal Legion and the American Geographical Society.

“Living quietly (there) he has been a more than liberal giver to all worthy causes and many are those who have had their suffering relieved through the charity of this kindly man.”

“He was a devoted member of the Presbyterian Church, holding at his death as he had for many years the office of clerk of the session.”

“A week prior to his death General Stewart went to Siasconset where he had gone every summer for many years to spend a month. He had been in failing health for some time and his friends disliked to have him go away but he insisted and went.”

“He was accompanied on his journey and upon his arrival the hotel proprietor had a watchful eye to his welfare and occupied a room adjoining his. Friday night he was heard to raise from his bed and a moment or two after to fall.”

“Investigation showed that he had fallen through the low window near his bed to a small piazza, from that to the ground. It is probable that he received the fall on account of his feeble condition.”

“This occurred about two o’clock in the morning. He was conscious when found but died (July 21, 1904) a few hours afterward, probably from an internal hemorrhage.” (Cooperstown Republican; US Military Academy, Annual Reunion, 1904)

“It was peculiarly characteristic of Captain Stewart that he would never delegate to another what he could possibly perform himself, and he was indefatigable in all his official work.”

“It was this attention to detail, and unnecessary attention at times, and this unsparing although unassuming energy, that consumed his power and limited his ultimate service.” (US Military Academy, Annual Reunion, 1904)

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Charles Seaforth Stewart
Charles Seaforth Stewart

Filed Under: Military, Prominent People, Missionaries / Churches / Religious Buildings Tagged With: Hawaii, Charles Stewart, Charles Seaforth Stewart

September 12, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Kapuāiwa Building

In the late-1860s, plans were underway for a Government Building and the need for this building was even more urgent than that for a palace.

Officials were scattered in rented offices around the town, the legislature had no home and the courts had long since outgrown their quarters in the old coral Court House on Queen Street.

Suggestions were made to develop a government center on the Esplanade at the foot of Fort Street, on recently reclaimed land owned by the government.

This area, it was urged, was close to the business interests of Honolulu, and with the government printing office nearby, would make a convenient civic center, Kamehameha V, however, envisioned a civic center around the palace, and plans were made to purchase the Mililani premises on King Street, ‘a long and fatiguing journey (away) over the dustiest street in the city.’

In 1871, King Kamehameha V commissioned two architects in Sydney, Australia, through the Hawaiian Consul there, to submit plans for a new royal palace in Honolulu. (HABS)

Rather than a palace, the cornerstone of Ali‘iolani Hale to serve as a Government Building was laid on February 19, 1872 with full Masonic ceremony. The new building was of concrete block, a technique first used in 1870 when the government built the Post Office building.

Kamehameha V never saw the completion of the Government Building; nor did they build his new Palace. The Government Building officially opened by the Legislature on April 30, 1874.

‘Ali‘iolani House’ is the name by which the new Government house is to be hereafter known, by command of His Majesty (Kalākaua.) “‘Ali‘iolani’ was one of the titles given to Kamehameha V at his birth, and is now appropriately applied to the building which was projected under his reign.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, May 2, 1874)

In 1882, the Legislature appropriated funds for the construction of a fireproof building to house important government documents and other records. In March 1884, work finally started on the new building in the ’Ali‘iolani Hale Yard.’

It was one of the structures in Kamehameha V’s projected civic center and was given one of the Monarch’s personal names, Kapuāiwa. When completed late in the year, it provided quarters for the Surveyor General, Superintendent of Public Works and Tax Collector.

The original two-story building was constructed by George Lucas in 1884 to house official government documents but was immediately put to use housing government offices instead.

The Kapuāiwa Building is a simpler version of Ali‘iolani Hale which has been described as an ‘English inspired ideal of Italian Renaissance Architecture.’

Architecturally, the Kapuāiwa Building is significant to the Civic Center Complex in Honolulu. It was the third structure in Kamehameha V’s projected civic center and was given one of the Monarch’s personal names, Kapuāiwa. (HHF)

In 1927, Kapuāiwa, by then known as the Board of Health Building because of its long-term occupant, was extensively repaired. In 1930, the Waikiki wing was added in the same character and detail as the original. Extensive renovation to the existing structure was also performed.

Another downtown building carries Kapuāiwa’s names; in 1871, the Kamehameha V Post Office at the corner of Merchant and Bethel Streets was constructed.

Kapuāiwa died on his 42nd birthday (December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872.) He was given the Christian name Lot and the Hawaiian name Kapuāiwa, which means ‘mysterious kapu’ (taboo) or ‘the sacred one protected by supernatural powers.’ (ksbe)

His mother was Kīnaʻu, a daughter of Kamehameha I (she became the Kuhina nui, in 1832.) His father was Mataio Kekūanāoʻa, a descendent of the Chiefs of the Island of Oʻahu (he was governor of Oʻahu, as well as a member of the House of Nobles and the Privy Council.)

Lot was most often called Lot Kamehameha and that is how he signed his letters and other writings. (ksbe) He had three brothers and a sister (David Kamehameha, Moses Kekūāiwa, Alexander Liholiho and Victoria Kamāmalu, the youngest of the children. (David died in 1835 at the age of seven. Moses was nineteen years old when he died in 1848.) (ksbe)

Lot Kapuāiwa was hānai to Chief Hoapili of Lahaina and Princess Nahiʻenaʻena (daughter of Kamehameha I and Keōpūolani; she was sister to Liholiho and Kauikeaouli (they were later Kamehameha II and III.)) Lot ascended to the throne as Kamehameha V on November 30, 1863, on the death of his younger brother.

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Kapuaiwa-Aliiolani-Opera_House-from Iolani Palace-S00089_001
Kapuaiwa-Aliiolani-Opera_House-from Iolani Palace-S00089_001
Kapuaiwa_Building-LOC
Kapuaiwa_Building-LOC
Kapuaiwa-Building-LOC
Kapuaiwa-Building-LOC
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Kapuaiwa Building-PP-11-11-010-00001
Kapuaiwa Building-PP-11-11-001-00001
Kapuaiwa Building-PP-11-11-001-00001
Kapuaiwa Building-LOC
Kapuaiwa Building-LOC
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Kapuaiwa Building-PP-11-11-002-00001
Kamehameha_V-Lot Kapuaiwa
Kamehameha_V-Lot Kapuaiwa
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Aliiolani_Hale-LOC-ca1870
Kamehameha_V_Post_Office-(WC)
Kamehameha_V_Post_Office-(WC)

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Buildings Tagged With: Hawaii, Oahu, Downtown Honolulu, Prince Lot Kapuaiwa, Aliiolani Hale, Lot Kapuaiwa, Kamehameha V, Kapuaiwa Building

September 11, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Kekauʻōnohi

“The Queen dowager (Kaʻahumanu), the favourite of Tammeamah (Kamehameha), was stretched out on some very fine mats, and wrapped up in a beautiful piece of cloth of Lavalliere colour.”

“A young man, very well made, and remarkably clean, waved before her an elegant fan made of birds’ feathers; and a young woman brought to her at intervals, a small vase made of the calebash, as a spitting-dish; it was half filled with flowers, and covered with a handkerchief tied about it.”

“This vase was also offered to the other Princesses; but it was evident that all the care, and the greater part of the attentions were devoted to the favourite, whose name was Tammeamaroo (Kamamalu).”

“There were five of these Queens (wives of Liholiho); and she of whom I speak, who weighed at least thirty stone, was the smallest. The others were rather shapeless masses of flesh than human figures.”

“Their room was small, and crowded with calebashes, mats, little boxes from China, and with pieces of English and country cloths, all lying about in every corner.”

“The entrance was obstructed by a great crowd round the door, and there was a guard placed close by, to watch over the safety of the Princesses.”

“On enquiring what kind of amusements they had, and how they passed their time, we were informed that they were occupied in keeping death at a distance; which must be admitted to be rather difficult, considering the ability of the physician whom I have described to you. Happy are those who can do without him! and still happier those who require no other!”

“Our officious interpreter however having returned, we went with him to the King, who received us in the brilliant costume of which I have already spoken, but with such a stiff air, that we immediately supposed his limbs had been accustomed to greater freedom.”

“I sketched his portrait along with that of his wife, and included in the picture his principal officers, lying at his feet, and his two life-guards with birds-feather cloaks, who, with drawn swords, appeared ready to defend him.”

“We presented the Sovereigns with an Indian shawl, and a pair of handsome ear-rings; but we had the mortification to see that they received our presents with indifference, and without appearing to attach the slightest value to them.”

“Before we retired, our master of the ceremonies asked me to perform a few sleight-of-hand tricks in the presence of the court, and the King gave me a pack of French cards: I readily complied, and, novice as I am in this art, I was very much amused at the surprise of the officers, and particularly at the unmeaning look of the King.”

“His wife requested me in the most polite manner to teach her some of the tricks; I consented, and had the pleasure of seeing her practise some of them with great dexterity.”

“This young lady is the sister of her husband. In her manners she has something childish, soft, and even simple; which is, however, in her not unbecoming. The presence of the King puts no restraint on the demonstrations of her affection, or on her tender caresses. …”

“I would strongly recommend to strangers who go to Owhyhee, and wish to pass some agreeable moments there, to get acquainted with this interesting female.”

“Her name is Kaou-Onoe (Kekauʻōnohi): she is about five feet six inches high; her shoulders are broad, her bosom small, and her eyes amorous; her limbs are plump and well formed, and her hands and feet extremely delicate.”

“She is remarkably clean in her person. On her body are some round marks, caused by the burns she inflicted on herself on the death of her father; but I observed with pleasure that not a single tooth had been extracted.”

“King Riouriou (Liholiho) has four other wives (Kamāmalu, Kīnaʻu, Kekāuluohi and Pauahi); but it is very evident that he loves Kaou-Onoe the best of any of them. Things which appear most extraordinary in the eyes of Europeans are here quite natural; and we are often astonished or shocked at customs, which the Sandwich islanders regard as of no consequence.”

“For example, the present King has married one of his father’s widows, out of love, we were told, for the deceased. If Kaou-Onoe ever has a rival, I do not believe she will be one of the present Princesses; one of whom, however, is tolerably pretty and agreeable.”

“At our first visit, only Kaou-Onoe was in the King’s apartment. The other Princesses were in a neighbouring hut, into which they invited us; and where we witnessed a very interesting scene.”

“The favourite’s brother, who had just returned from Woahoo, came in, labouring under evident emotion. Kaou-Onoe, who had accompanied us, embraced him with the greatest affection …”

“… and while we were remarking the difference between her tender caresses and those of other female sovereigns, our attention was arrested by the sobs and groans of a multitude of women, squatted on their heels at the further end of the room.”

“For some moments a religious silence was preserved – the recollection of the virtues of the great Tammeamah was doubtless the occasion of their lamentations. A people cannot be wicked, who shed so many tears to the memory of a good Prince.”

“In embracing one another here, the people place their noses together and breathe strongly. If we may believe however what we heard, they began to understand the European mode of salutation.” (Arago; portions of Letter CXIII, August 1819)

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Kekauonohi-WC
Kekauonohi-WC

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance Tagged With: Hawaii, Kamamalu, Kinau, Liholiho, Pauahi, Kekauonohi, Kaou-Onoe

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