General | Page 235 | Images of Old Hawaiʻi

September 12, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Lake Wilson

One hundred and thirty-six-feet high
Four hundred and sixty-one-feet long
Five hundred and eighty-feet thick
Twenty-six-thousand-cubic yards of stone backing
One hundred and forty-one-thousand-cubic yards of earth filling
A reservoir seven-miles long
Capacity 2,500,000,000 gallons
Cost three hundred thousand dollars
(Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 15, 1906)

“The greatest irrigation proposition ever undertaken in the Hawaiian Islands is the Wahiawa dam, which will soon be under course of construction in the Wahiawa valley, some miles from Honolulu. … It will also be used for irrigating fruit lands belonging to a colony of settlers in the immediate vicinity of the dam and for generating electric power.”

“This dam will conserve in a great natural reservoir basin over two and a half billion gallons of water which will be used chiefly to irrigate the upper cane lands of the Waialua Agricultural Company’s great sugar plantation, eight miles away.” (Louisiana Planter, September 19, 1904)

Wahiawa is located in Central Oʻahu on the Leilehua Plateau, the central plain between the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau mountain ranges.

Following Wahiawa’s initial Euro-American settlement, a period of intense agricultural interest in the pineapple industry ensued. The Hawai’i Agricultural Research Station established on the outskirts of Honolulu further supported the agricultural pursuits of pineapple and sugar in the region.

Early agricultural activities significantly modified the landscape in Wahiawa. In 1900, the Wahiawa Water Company was created through an agreement between Waialua Agricultural Company, the government, and stockholders of the colony cooperative.

Under the direction of engineer Albert Andrew Wilson, residents constructed a system of irrigation flumes, ditches, and tunnels to carry water from the northern branch of the Kaukonahua Stream to agricultural tracts.

A subsequent, more substantial phase of the irrigation project involved the damning of the two forks of the Kaukonahua Stream to develop the Wahiawa Reservoir in 1906.

The reservoir, later known as Lake Wilson, is the largest water impoundment in the state and has effectively constrained residential development in Wahiawa to its geographic boundaries.

Originally constructed by the Waialua Sugar Company, the reservoir would help to fuel other important agricultural enterprises as well. The successful irrigation facilitated by the reservoir, resulted in over half of the Wahiawa tract becoming cultivated land, with pineapple quickly emerging as the colony’s most valuable crop. (DLNR)

Construction began in 1903 and was completed in 1905. The logistics of the construction were challenging. Railroad track was laid for bringing in the boulders for the rock fill portion from as far away as 6-miles. A high trestle was built over the dam site, and the rocks were dropped into place. The long drop compacted them so they held in place.

“It has taken six years since the preliminary work was begun and two years of continuous work to complete the great enterprise. Now it is finished, and five million gallons of water a day are being delivered to the Waialua Plantation, and although this is dry weather, eighteen feet of water have accumulated in the reservoir during the last two weeks.”

“It will double the available cane area of the Waialua Plantation, and place it in the same class with Ewa, with an annual output of thirty thousand tons and upwards.”

“What that tonnage means is shown by comparing it with twelve thousand tons, the entire output of Hawaii in 11875, the year before the Reciprocity Treaty went into operation. (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 15, 1906)

“The outlet from the reservoir extends through four miles of ditch and tunnel until it issues onto the cane lands at the elevation above sea level of seven hundred and thirty feet, or one hundred and eighty feet higher than any fields now cultivated.”

“This brings twelve thousand acres of cane land under a gravity flow of water and doubles the area available for cultivation, without increasing the present pumping plant. (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 15, 1906)

“The only defect we have found in the design or construction of the dam is in the outlet valve which is 48 inches in diameter.
There is a pressure of about thirty tons against it when the reservoir is full. This great weight makes it difficult to open and shut the gate when necessary to increase or diminish the quantity of water delivered to the plantation.”

“An extension of the 48 inch outlet pipe, with two smaller gates, has been ordered, and the material is now at the dam. This will put the water under perfect control and permit, at some future time, the installation of turbine wheels for the development of water power.”

“The construction of this dam and the ditches by which the water is delivered to all parts of the plantation, will complete the development of the plantation and make all the land below the 700 ft. level available for cane cultivation.” (Hawaiian Star, February 28, 1907)

“But there are those who know all these facts and a hundred more, who have tirelessly schemed and worked and financed the great work to success. These men are (Leonard Grant) LG Kellogg, the manager of the company; (Hiram Clay) HC Kellogg, CE, of Santa Anna, Cal., who prepared the plans and personally superintended the construction of the dam, and …”

“… (Edward Davies) ED Tenney, President of the Water Company and of the Waialua Company, and (William Whitmore) WW Goodale, manager of the Waialua Agricultural Company which has financed the enterprise.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, February 15, 1906)

Since 1957, the Department of Land and Natural Resources, through a cooperative agreement with Castle & Cooke, Inc., has managed Wahiawa Reservoir as a public fishing area. In 1968, a 14-foot wide concrete boat launching ramp and parking area were constructed by the State for public use.

The reservoir is stocked with both large and small mouth bass, bluegill sunfish, Channel catfish, Threadfin shad, tilapia, peacock bass, oscar, Chinese catfish, and carp. It is the responsibility of DLNR’s Division of Aquatic Resources to manage these gamefish populations within the reservoir for recreational fishing purposes.

Albert Andrew Wilson (water manager, engineer and contractor) was born at Pescadero, San Mateo County on March 22, 1874; he was son of James and Susan (Matilda) Wilson.

Following arrival in Hawaii, in September 1897, he was engaged with engineering corps of Oahu Railway & Land Co. on Waialua and Kahuku extensions for two years.

From 1899-1915, he was in contracting business, during which time he was associated with various projects, such as railroad, ditch and dam building (he later served as manager of Wahiawa Water Works.) He was general superintendent of construction of the Waiāhole Ditch tunnel. On October 1, 1909 he married Nellie Beatrice Baker of Hilo; they had one child, James. (Men of Hawaii)

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Dam and Reservoir at Wahiawa under construction-PCA-Feb_15_1906

Dam and Reservoir at Wahiawa-PCA-Feb_15_1906

Kellogg-surveying-party

H Clay Kellogg-PCA-Feb_15_1906

ED Tenney-PCA-Feb_15_1906

LG Kellogg-PCA-Feb_15_1906

Lake Wilson

Lake Wilson-Map-(DLNR)

Salvinia_Covered_Reservoir

Salvinia_Control-(DLNR)

133635_1.tif. AMBO (ftp,aps) 2/18/39 (CITY,Gordon) weed 21Salvinia Molesta weed that has accumulated in Lake Wilson is being removed by an amphibious excavator.

September 11, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Ho‘ohano

“Farewell to the beautiful flower of the doctor’s garden;
It has fallen and vanished away;
The flower that budded first and blossomed fair.
Its splendor was seen; its fragrance exhaled;
But the burning sun came and it withered.
And that beautiful blossom has fallen!
The occupant of the garden then wondered
That a certain flower should have fallen. …
How beautifully did the plant flourish;
Great compassion for the tenant resident;
Mourning and searching with great lamentation;
Whither, O Gerrit, hast thou gone?
When wilt thou return to thy birthmates?
Alone hast thou gone in the way that is lonely;
Thou hast gone a stranger in an unknown path.”

Gerrit Parmele and Laura Fish Judd’s first child, Gerrit Parmele Judd II, was born March 8, 1829; he died November 13, 1839. Ho‘ohano an assistant of Dr Judd was much attached to the boy. The night after he died he watched by the body, and composed the above poem in Hawaiian. (Owen)

The Judd’s were part of the 3rd Company of missionaries from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission (ABCFM,) arriving in the Islands in 1828.

Judd, a medical missionary, had originally come to the islands to serve as the missionary physician, intending to treat native Hawaiians for the growing number of diseases introduced by foreigners. He immersed himself in the Hawaiian community, becoming a fluent speaker of Hawaiian.

Ho‘ohano, a graduate of Lahainaluna, was a medical student, of whom Mrs Judd said, “He was a valuable assistant both in the preparation of medicines and prescribing for office patients.” (Judd)

Dr Judd sought to learn of Hawaiian traditional medicine and incorporate it with his Western practice. Western medicine in the 1820s and 1830s was not as advanced as many people assume it to be. There were few endemic diseases before Western contact. The physical treatments of Western doctors and Kahana Lā‘au Lapa‘au were actually very similar. (Mission Houses)

“It has been an object with me not to oppose the practice of the native physicians in mass, but to endeavor by the best means in my power to correct and modify their practice so that it shall save, not kill, the people.”

“It is my intention, if possible, the coming year to make Ho‘ohano acquainted with the native practice as it now exists and make him the agent for collecting facts upon the subject.”

“It is out of the question for us to think of putting down the native practice unless we will attend to all the sick ourselves, since it is not in human nature to be sick and die without seeking some means of alleviation”

“The idea of improving the native doctors has therefore suggested itself to me as an exceedingly important on demanding immediate attention.”

“These investigations occupied several weeks of the year and have been continued as opportunity afforded. We also instituted a series of experiments on native medicines which resulted pretty much as all experiments of the kind usually do.” (Judd, 1839 Medical Report)

“The names of Medicines and diseases so far as we have proceeded are in the Hawaiian language. … Ho‘ohano is competent to do what in our common language is called giving out medicine, bleed, cup, dress wounds, open abscesses &c &c.” (Judd, 1839)

The student rooster of Lāhaināluna Seminary has a Ho‘okano listed for the class of 1833 who attended for four years from Honolulu on the island of O‘ahu. Ho‘okano would have graduated by 1837 and then could have returned to Honolulu to be employed by Dr. Judd. (Mission Houses)

“Some attention has been likewise been bestowed in teaching him to read proof sheets, which he is now qualified to do with tolerable correctness, for which he is paid a small sum out of the appropriation for the Printing Department.”

“His board I have furnished at my own expense & have drawn about 25$ for his clothing from the Department. Whether this experiment will prove a successful one is yet quite uncertain, although thus far appearances are favorable.” (Judd)

“It has been my object to place the common Office practice as much as possible into the hands of native assistants, and this has been attended with much encouraging success.”

“Hoohano & Kalili (another medical assistant) have both rendered themselves useful the former however much the most so as his previous acquirements and habits of mental application render him much the best qualified for the profession.” (Judd, 1839 Medical Report)

“Ho‘ohano died the last of June (1840) … his death must therefore be regretted as a loss to his people.” (Judd) He “followed his little friend along his ‘lonely pathway,’ both leaving some evidence of having been reconciled to God through the death of his Son.” (Bingham) (Judd’s assistant has been referred to as Ho‘ohano and Ho‘okano.)

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Judd_Dispensatory-MissionHouses

September 8, 2016 by Peter T Young 2 Comments

‘Oʻopu Nōpili

The five native freshwater fish of Hawai‘i are referred to as ‘o‘opu. Scientifically, they are actually two distinct families. The family Gobiidae (Goby – one of the largest fish families in the world) includes four species of ʻoʻopu, the nakea, naniha, nōpili and ‘alamo‘o. The ʻoʻopu ‘akupa is in the Eleotridae family. (Wascher)

All species of Hawaiian ʻoʻopu begin their life in the streams. Newly hatched larvae are swept out into the ocean, where they continue development.

After about six months in the ocean ʻoʻopu nōpili, now called “hinana” (together with the larvae of the other four freshwater fish species,) return to the streams. (Schoenfuss)

Different ʻoʻopu are found in different parts of the stream; the distribution is mainly influenced by the climbing ability of each species. (Schoenfuss)

Many gobies can inch their way up waterfalls with the aid of a sucker on their bellies formed from fused pelvic fins. The Nōpili rock-climbing goby, on the other hand, can climb waterfalls as tall as 330-feet with the aid of a second mouth sucker.

“For a human to go the equivalent distance based on body size, it’d be like doing a marathon, some 26 miles long, except climbing up a vertical cliff-face against rushing water.” (Researcher Richard Blob; Choi; LiveScience)

Spawning occurs between August and March and eggs are deposited in crevices under rocks and pebbles. Nests are laid in territories defended by males. Eggs hatch within two to three days and larvae are washed out to sea as oceanic plankton.

Post-larvae can be found in schools just after recruitment. After recruitment ʻoʻopu nōpili remain in estuaries for at least 48 hours before they begin migrating upstream.

While in the estuaries of the stream, this change in head structures occurs rapidly (within 36 hours) and enables the fish to continue its migration upstream. (Schoenfuss)

During this time, they undergo a significant metamorphosis. Their snouts enlarge and lengthen and their heads increase in size.
Their upper lip also enlarges and their mouths move to a sub-terminal position. (DLNR)

Their pelvic fins are fused together to form a suction cup which helps them fasten to rocks, the stream bottom, and even to climb waterfalls. (NTBG) This metamorphosis allows the ʻoʻopu nōpili to climb waterfalls using its suction cup and lips. (DLNR)

Most other gobies feed on small invertebrates or other fish, but the Nōpili rock-climbing goby prefers to scrape tiny bits of algae, called diatoms, off rocks using a mouth-sucking motion mirroring the same movements it uses to climb walls.

Researchers report that they found that the nōpili rock-climbing goby’s climbing and feeding movements differed significantly. In other words, the fish are using different movements for feeding and for climbing. (Smithsonian)

Video of ʻoʻopu nōpili summary (Schoenfuss)
http://science360.gov/obj/video/12ad0dd3-195e-4ebf-a347-487c1d259179/waterfall-climbing-fish-performs-evolutionary-feat

The goby, which can grow up to 7 inches long as an adult, feeds by cyclically sticking the tip of its upper jaw against rock to scrape food off surfaces. This behavior is quite distinct from other Hawaiian gobies, which feed by sucking in food from the water. (Choi; LiveScience)

There is a visible difference between males and females. When not engaged in courtship behavior, males resemble females, having a yellow-green, brown, or gray base mottled with brown or black. During courtship, however, the male’s body darkens and it develops an iridescent “racing” stripe down its sides. (Sim; PBRC)

Besides being a favorite food fish, ‘O‘opu Nōpili was also used ceremonially. The name of this ‘O‘opu comes from the Hawaiian word for cling (pili). It refers to the fish’s ability to climb up waterfalls by clinging to rocks.

It was used in the mawaewae (weaning) ceremony for first-born children, so that blessings and luck would cling to the child. It was also used in house-warming feasts, with the intent that good luck would cling to the house. (Sim, PBRC)

‘Oʻopu nōpili have been used as an “indicator species” to signify high water quality in streams and the possible presence of ʻoʻopu ‘alamo‘o, which is rarer than the ʻoʻopu nōpili. (DLNR)

Video of ʻoʻopu nōpili at waterfall (Spanish language narration)

https://youtu.be/84afw2mptv0

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Oopu_Nopili-SicyopterHanawi_rs-(BM)

On left has regular pelvic fins- on right has a suction cup instead of pelvic fins

Oopu_Nopili-Sicyopterus Stimpsoni-NPS

Oopu_Nopili-Life_Cycle_Environment-DLNR-Schoenfuss

Fish Spacing in the stream-DLNR-Schoenfuss

September 6, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

By Horse, Car & Plane

EH Lewis looked to a variety of ways for folks to see the Islands: horseback, automobile and airplane.

Lewis was a “dashing (polo) player, who was always on the ball.” (Evening Bulletin, August 5, 1909) Early newspaper ads, note Lewis as Proprietor of Stockyards Stables where you can “Get your friends together and enjoy a tally ho ride” in a 6-horse drawn wagon. (Evening Bulletin, August 3, 1904)

“EH Lewis, will open on April 1 a riding school at Athletic Park; 25 stylish saddle horses will be used. Hours from 9 to 11 and 3 to 5, dally. Prices will be $1 per lesson, or twelve lessons for $10. We guarantee to make a good rider of you for $10. Lewis Stables, Tel. 41” (Evening Bulletin, March 24, 1910)

Lewis introduced automobiles to Hawai‘i, “Probably the finest cars on the streets of Honolulu, are the two new Pierce-Arrows which have recently arrived. Both are now installed in the rent service.”

“One … is a beautiful gray, owned by EH Lewis (the other was owned by Henry Hughes.) These two cars show in their every line that they are the last word in automobile construction. (Star-Bulletin, December 6, 1913)

“Tally-ho driving parties, instituted by EH Lewis about a year ago for the special entertainment of tourists are growing in popularity. Within the past few weeks a number of excursions of this character, taking strangers to the many interesting points within a wide radius of the city, have been given.” (Paradise of the Pacific, February 1905)

He took his touring and promotion to the continent, “Mr and Mrs E Lewis of Honolulu recently toured the Yosemite in their big American limousine and on the way and back showed themselves good promotionists by flying a Honolulu pennant and booming the islands as an attractive resort for tourists.” (Star Bulletin, July 31, 1915)

Then, he got into airplanes. Even though Lewis didn’t learn to fly until he was 60, he became an enthusiastic promoter of the industry, owning and flying more than a dozen airplanes. (Star-Bulletin)

“When ‘Bud’ Mars, back in December of 1910, brought an unwieldly biplane called the “Skylark” to Honolulu and managed to get it into the air long enough to make several short exhibition flights from Moanalua Polo Field, the die was cast for Hawai‘i’s interest in and use of aircraft.” (Kennedy; Thrum, 1936)

One regular visitor to every early flight in the islands was businessman Edwin Lewis. He was the primary sponsor of Bud Mars’ first flight at Moanalua Polo Grounds, and he also established the first real airport in Hawaii, called Ala Moana Field.

“Spectacular as these flights were, at the same time island men were going ahead in a quiet manner, laying the foundation for commercial aviation here. Ed Lewis, operating automobile tours on Oahu, early saw the possibilities of airplanes for sightseeing.” (Star-Bulletin)

“Announcing his desire to have permanent airplanes in our islands within sixty days of him stepping once again on Hawaii nei, EH Lewis landed in Honolulu nei on the morning of Friday of this past week with two pilots who will fly the two planes he purchased in America.”

“These men brought by Lewis are experts. The planes did not arrive with Lewis, but according to him, should there be no complications, the planes will arrive in Honolulu within 60 days.”

“The crafts can carry ten passengers at a time, and these will be the planes that fly regularly between Honolulu and Hilo and from Hilo back to Honolulu nei.” (Alakai o Hawai‘i, November 5, 1928)

“Touring the islands by air dates back to 1927, when Edwin Lewis founded Lewis Air Tours. The company lasted only three years, but other tour services proved more successful. Interisland travel really picked up in the 1950s with the introduction of package tours, all-inclusive vacations that often included trips to Oahu’s neighbor islands.” (Smithsonian)

“Lewis’ greatest contribution, however, was the establishment of Lewis Air Tours in the late 1920s. Flying a Standard biplane named Malolo – ‘flying fish’ …”

“… that sported an enclosed cabin for passenger comfort, tourists and locals alike were treated to views of the islands unimaginable just a few years before. (Star-Bulletin)

“For several years he operated ‘Lewis Air Tours’ with a number of small open cockpit planes flying from Ward airport on Ala Moana.” (Kennedy; Thrum, 1936)

However, some were concerned with his flying – repeated entries in minutes of meetings of the Territorial Aeronautical Commission complain of Lewis and his flying. Such as:

“(L)ast Sunday Mr Lewis’s plane was flying over the Aloha tower and the city at a very low altitude. Other complaints have also come to us about Mr Lewis’s activities. It was decided that a letter be addressed to Mr Lewis prohibiting the use of Ward Airport for any but emergency landings.” (Territorial Aeronautical Commission, April 29, 1930)

“(T)he type of flying done by Lewis Tours (mostly sightseeing flights) is very risky not only because of the condition of the field but also because many more landings would be made daily than a transport plane operating for John Rogers Airport.” (Territorial Aeronautical Commission, February 18, 1929)

Reportedly, EH Lewis flew his first solo flight on his 60th birthday, and was said to be the oldest student pilot at the time. (Archives, mid-1930s)

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Lewis, Edward H. of Honolulu flies solo for his 60th birthday. Said to be oldest student pilot in America-PP-75-3-018-mid-1930s

Malolo-Lewis Air Tours-SB

Lewis, Edward H., student solo flight-PP-75-3-017-mid_1930s

Kewalo-Ala_Wai_aerial-(UH_Manoa)-1927-noting site of Ward Airport

September 5, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Fish For The Future

We need to be honest with others and ourselves – and face reality. The marine resources surrounding Hawai‘i are on a decline – and have been for quite some time.

A scientific report notes, “The total biomass of reef fishes in the Main Hawaiian Islands is less than a quarter of what it was a century ago.”

If we do not change the way we use our nearshore reefs, fisheries and marine resources, there is no reason to expect the decline to stop.

There are many threats and impacts to the marine resources, including: Invasive Species, Sedimentation and Run-off, Pollution and Nutrients, Marine Debris, Recreational Use, Coastal Development, Weather (i.e. hurricanes, global warming, etc) and Fishing.

The Western Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Council (WESPAC – one of eight regional fishery management councils) is composed of 16-members members and is the policy-making organization for the management of fisheries in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ – generally 3- to 200-miles offshore) of member US interests.

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act is the guiding document for fisheries management actions. In it are “National Standards.”

The first National Standard states that any fishery management plan, its rules, and conservation and management measures shall prevent overfishing.

The eight Regional Councils develop management plans for marine fisheries in waters seaward of state waters of their individual regions.

Management includes areas around the State of Hawai‘i, Territory of American Samoa, Territory of Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and US Pacific island possessions, an area of nearly 1.5 million square miles.

Plans and specific management measures (such as fishing seasons, quotas and closed areas) are developed. These plans and measures are implemented by the National Marine Fisheries Service.

I am very concerned about purported “management” of our marine resources – particularly, the stated goal of “sustainable fishery management plans” that have proven to be insufficient to sustain the fisheries.

Here’s what’s happening with some of the managed species:
• Big Eye Tuna – NOAA Fisheries announced in June 2004 that overfishing was occurring – it continues
• Yellowfin Tuna – The 2006 assessment results indicated overfishing is occurring – it continues
• NWHI lobster fishery – NOAA Fisheries declared an emergency closure in 2000
• North Pacific albacore – the stock is considered fully exploited
• Southwest Pacific Swordfish – Since 1997, catch rates and mean size have been declining
• Striped Marlin in the Southwest Pacific – levels of fishing mortality may exceed the maximum sustainable yield
• Bottomfish – In May 2005, NOAA Fisheries determined that over-fishing is occurring in the Main Hawaiian Islands – it continues
• Black Coral – Due to the reduction in large colonies the minimum size of harvested colonies was raised
• Swordfish – NOAA periodically halted longline in 2006 and 2011 because of too many endangered sea turtle interactions
(Overfishing means the rate at which a species is being harvested is greater than it can sustain itself.)

Obviously, we need to do things differently.

The decline in marine resources has an enormous impact on local, subsistence and recreational fishermen, and coastal fishing communities statewide.

I was honored when President George W. Bush appointed me to serve as one of the five United States Commissioners to represent the United States’ interests on the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC – an international fisheries Commission.)

It was interesting to see how fisheries management measures are complicated by unrelated treaties and relationships between the countries. The good news is there are attempts to resolve the differences.

Likewise, I was honored to serve as a member of WESPAC – initially, as a representative for the State of Hawai‘i, then, a term as an at-large member on the Council.

However, I was mostly frustrated while serving on WESPAC – too often, it looked like decisions were made for the benefit of short-term fish harvesting, rather than long-term fisheries sustainability.

I hope in the future WESPAC more-fully addresses its obligations and opportunities to prevent overfishing and protect the resources for future generations.

We all need to work together to protect the resources – resource managers, fishers, environmentalists, scientists and community.

But we’ve got to face reality and do things differently – for the resources – otherwise, there won’t be Fish for the Future.

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