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April 5, 2019 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club

“The Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club was organized on April 5, 1910, in the rooms of the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce. Delegates from all of the Islands, as well as from the Appalachian Club of New England and the Sierra Club of California were present to assist.”

“One hundred quickly signed as charter members, paying in the annual dues of five dollars each, and a constitution following mainly that of the Sierra Club was adopted.”

“The objects of the Club were expressed in the following opening paragraphs of the constitution: To encourage intimate acquaintance with outdoor Hawaii.”

“1. By promoting knowledge of and interest in objects of natural interest in the Territory and the ways and means of getting to them;

“2. By the construction and maintenance of trails and roads leading to the same and the rest houses incidental thereto;”

“3. Through promoting interest in travel, more particularly by foot, through the mountains of Hawaii;”

“4. Through enlisting the cooperation of the people and the government in preserving the forests and other natural features of the Hawaiian mountains, and generally by publication and otherwise to convey information concerning the object of the Club, both to residents of the Territory and to persons residing abroad;”

“5. By acting in cooperation with other Clubs or Associations having similar objects, as well as with government and other tourist bureaus, and to exchange privileges therewith.”

“The Trail and Mountain Club began work at once. It authorized and published the first of a series of pamphlets giving trail information, and a committee is now preparing for publication maps of all the islands that will clearly show each and every trail and indicate the condition of each.”

“A horse trail has already been completed from the roads at the end of Pauoa Valley, behind Honolulu, to the top of the plateau at the base of Mt. Konahuanui. the highest mountain peak near Honolulu.”

“On this plateau a trail and mountain rest house is to be built. It will overlook three valleys, and here trampers may rest for the night before ascending the Waimanalo Mountain range beyond.”

“For clearness in the mind of the non-resident, it may be stated that behind Honolulu are seven valleys, each with a beauty of its own. The electric cars pass each of these valleys, and trails lead from each to the mountain ridge behind.”

“An ascent of 3000 feet may easily be made in a morning or afternoon. The valleys are, in their order: Moanalua, Kalihi, Nuuanu (which ends at the Pali, or precipice, down which an auto road has been constructed to the other side of the island).”

“Pauoa, Makiki, Manoa, and Palolo. Trails are now in course of construction. or promised, that will lead along the main ridge and descend into each of the valleys. In Palolo Valley. 1600 feet above the sea. is a crater two miles, perhaps, in circumference.”

“A rest house is being constructed on its rim, and the lower part of the crater is to be turned into a lake. The Trail and Mountain Club has already made easy the way to and down the Seven Falls of Palolo, that carry away the waters from the natural springs in the bed of the crater.”

“These falls are among the most beautiful in Hawaii. not five miles from the street car line. yet until within the past few months practically unknown even to the old residents of Honolulu.”

“A little judicious trail building and the cutting of steps in steep places that the precipices of the falls might be ascended and descended, has made Palolo crater and the Seven Falls a most popular outing place.”

“Both near the City of Honolulu and in the mountain ranges at a distance away, private citizens have been most generous in their offers to promote the objects of the Trail and Mountain Club.”

“Many miles of mountain trail have already been turned over to the organization. several camps and rest houses, while others are to be built. Prominent business men owning summer cottages distant from the city have placed these at the disposal of the club for camping or rest purposes.”

“It is not only on the Island of Oahu that the Trail and Mountain Club will be active in its work. In Hilo, on the Big Island of Hawaii, there is a thriving branch of the Club, and another in Maui.”

“The Hilo members are already cutting trails from their city to the nearby scenic wonders, and there are many in the vicinity of Hilo.”

“In the Kohala district, where precipices rise thousands of feet sheer from the level floors of the valleys, the ditch companies are placing at the disposal of the Trail and Mountain Club scores of miles of splendidly cut mountain horse and foot trails …”

“… with rest houses connected with each other by phone, and even donkeys to pack provisions and to carry those who prefer riding along precipitous trails to walking.”

“All around the Big Island rest houses are promised, and trails are to be put in order to the summit of Manna Loa, nearly 14,000 feet above the sea, to the very edge of the great crater of Mokuʻāweoweo, where a rough lava rest house will probably be erected.”

“On the Island of Maui, where the earth’s greatest extinct crater, Haleakala, may be easily visited, there is an enthusiastic branch of the Trail and Mountain Club. Efforts are being made to locate the lost trail over the mountains from Wailuku to Lahaina; this would lead through the Iao Valley, the Yosemite of Hawaii.”

“The Trail and Mountain Club will everywhere work hand in hand with the conservation service. Already steps have been taken to set apart the always active crater of Kilauea and the surrounding wonderland as a National Park, and this will doubtless be accomplished.”

“There is a growing tendency for the Touring Clubs of all lands to draw together in bonds of friendship. The Trail and Mountain Club of Hawaii extends a hand to the Mountain Climbing and Touring Clubs of America, to the Government Tourist Bureaus of Australasia and Java, and to the Welcome Society of Japan.” (Tuttle, Mid-Pacific Magazine, January, 1911)

The legacy lives on; visit (and even join) the Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club at: http://www.htmclub.org/

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Olomana-Baker-(Saga)-1930
Olomana-Baker-(Saga)-1930
Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club-HPR
Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club-HPR

Filed Under: General, Economy Tagged With: Hawaii, Hawaiian Trail and Mountain Club

April 4, 2019 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

2020 – Year of the Hawaiian Mission Bicentennial

Two hundred years ago, the Pioneer Company of Christian missionaries landed at Kawaihae on the west side of Hawaiʻi Island. They finally anchored at Kailua-Kona on April 4, 1820.

Over the next month, the missionaries established three mission stations, spanning from Hawaiʻi Island to O‘ahu to Kauai.

Governor Ige, Mayor Kim of Hawaiʻi County, Mayor Caldwell of the C&C of Honolulu, Mayor Kawakami of Kauai, Mayor Victorino of Maui, the Hawaiʻi State Legislature, the Association of Hawaiian Civic Clubs and the Board of the United Church of Christ have each recognized 2020 as the year of the Hawaiian Mission Bicentennial.

9 am, Saturday, April 4, 2020

In commemoration of this bicentennial event, and the formation of Mokuaikaua Church, 200-years ago today, Kawaiaha‘o Church and Waimea Mission Church will join Mokuaikaua Church by ringing their Church bells 200 times – starting at 9 am today.

At the same time, other churches of the Hawaiʻi Conference United Church of Christ will be sharing in this story by ringing their bells at the same time.

The churches will also be ringing the bells on the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Kawaiahaʻo Church on April 23, 2020 at 9 a.m. and Waimea Church on Kauai on May 3, 2020 at 9 a.m.

Filed Under: Missionaries / Churches / Religious Buildings, Voyage of the Thaddeus

April 4, 2019 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Arrival and Final Anchoring at Kailua-Kona – April 4, 1820

April 4, 1820 – At 10 o’clock this morning, 163 days from Boston, we came to anchor in Kirooah Bay, about 1 mile from the palace. Crymokoo, who still seems friendly to our cause, was soon sent for by Reehoreeho and was soon followed by Brothers Bingham and Thurston, Capt. Blanchard and Thomas Hopoo, to lay before his majesty the plan of our enterprise. Found him bathing in the sea with his mother and his first wife, landed, visited John Adams, a native chief who has acquired something of the English language and manners, also John Young who has long resided here and is now acting secretary to the King. Then waited on the King with the most important message that could be sent to any earthly potentate. Read the letter of Dr. Worcester to Tamh. and the letter of Capt. Reynolds to Tamh. and Reehoreeho, and had them interpreted by Mr. Young and Thos. H. and through them made known to his majesty the views of the American Board and the wishes of the Mission family. He seemed pleased with the object laid before him, but far from being in haste to give an answer. All indeed, both king and chiefs, honorable women and common people, who spoke on the subject expressed their approbation the general term “Miti”, i.e., “it is good”. (Thaddeus Journal)

at 10 a.m. Tuesday came to anchorage there (Kailua). The Captain and some of the passengers then went on shore and visited the King, ‘a great number of natives, men and women,” meanwhile visiting the brig. During the next day she continued to lie there’ waiting the result of the grand council, which was sitting, consisting of the King and chiefs, respecting the mission.’ ‘They are undecided, but appear favorably disposed towards them.’ The chief, if not only, objection is said to have originated with an Englishman, who, formerly detained against his will at the Islands, had married a woman of rank, acted as governor of Hawaii, and finally became attached to his new life. The native chiefs and other subjects were evidently peaceable and fairly disposed, although not unnaturally inclined to be politic. The population, after passing through war and religious change, was in a quieted, receptive condition. (James Hunnewell)

April 4th. This morning, ten o’clock, having been 163 days on the bosom of the great deep, we anchored in the bay of Korooah, near the residence of Keehoreeho the king. Bless the Lord, O, our souls, for all his tender mercies towards us. My dear husband, with brother Thurston and Thomas, has gone on shore as heralds of the Prince of Peace and King of Kings, to have an interview, and transact business for their Master, with this heathen Ruler. How important the moment! The great Head of the Church give his servants wisdom, a sound understanding, and guide them in every step. The heart of this heathen king is in his holy hand and He can turn it as He will. O, I think, I do rest on this firm ground, that He will accomplish his blessed purposes and do all his pleasure. (Sybil Bingham)

4th. Arrived this morning in Kiarooah (Kailua) bay, in full view of the kings seat. Brother B. & T. have gone on shore with the embassy of peace and mercy to a people without law and without religion. It is an important moment with us. The grand council are to convene this evening to consider whether to permit us to land, or send us away. May the Spirit of God dispose their hearts to receive us and the word of life at our hands. (Samuel & Nancy Ruggles)

April 4. This morning anchored. The Chief, the two Queens, Captain B and several of the Brethren, have gone on shore to visit the King. This is with us, an important & eventful period. Two white men residing with the King have been on board; it is expected they came as spies. We have reason to fear they will endeavor to influence the King against us. But we have one consolation, Zion’s King reigneth. The hearts of all men are in his hands & he can turn them as he pleases.
I will now attempt to give you some particulars, respecting the dress, manner of eating etc. of the natives. The men, go almost naked. The usual dress of the women, is a tapper. It is a cloth wrapped round their body, and reaching halfway to their feet. Some wear ten thicknesses wrapped twice around them, others not so many. They have clothes; but seldom wear them, for they consider them a burden. They wear a string of beads round their necks and a wreath of feathers in the head. They usually wear their hair long on the back part of the head, cutting the rest short.
Their manner of eating is something singular. They spread a mat on the floor, then, seat themselves on it in a circle & eat with their fingers. They have three kinds of poe, which is made of tarrow. One is about as thick as starch which we use on muslin, and something resembles it. This is eaten with one finger. They get their finger in and turn it round to make it stick to it, then put it in their mouth and suck it off. When one has dipped in his fingers, the dish is passed to the next & so goes round. The second kind which is thinner, is eaten in the same manner except with two fingers. The third which is still thinner with three. With this they eat fish, hogs and dogs.
As to their manners, I believe it would be almost impossible to give you a just idea of them. As to any sense of shame or modesty, they appear to have but little more than the brutes. They are a very indolent people. They lie most of the time on their mats and sleet, or lounge around in idleness. They have Waiters to attend upon them, brush off the flies, a scratch their backs, etc. There fly bushes are very elegant, being made of feathers stripped from the quill, with a mahogany or whale bone handle.
4 o’clock. The brethren have returned with favourable intelligence, but no decisive answer respecting are having an establishment here. (Mercy Partridge Whitney Journal)

4. – We have now anchored for the first time since we embarked. Brother B & T went on shore & conversed with the king on the subject of our introducing the Gospel. He appeared pleased but his power is so limited that he could give us no decisive answer about landing. (Samuel Whitney Journal)

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Filed Under: Voyage of the Thaddeus, Missionaries / Churches / Religious Buildings Tagged With: thevoyageofthethaddeus

April 3, 2019 by Peter T Young 5 Comments

Fort Kamehameha

From 1890 to 1905, the United States undertook a massive program to modernize its coastal defenses. Known as the Endicott era; the huge construction program resulted in all the major harbors being fortified with newly designed steel guns ranging in size from 3 to 12 inches in diameter of bore and 12-inch, breech-loading mortars.

The gun emplacements were constructed with reinforced concrete and had huge earthen or sand parapets in front. Bombproof magazines were placed far underground.

In 1908 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was in the midst of constructing O‘ahu armored fortifications in accordance with the recommendations of the joint board.

These weapons were to be emplaced within new military reservations that were eventually named Forts Armstrong, Kamehameha, DeRussy and Ruger.

Established in 1909, Fort Kamehameha played an important role within a system of coastal defenses of the Army Coast Artillery Corps that served as a key component of the national defense of the United States in the early 20th century.

In a public address on June 11, 1911, Brig. Gen. M. M. Macomb (Commander, District of Hawai‘i) stated that Oʻahu would be encircled with a ring of steel, with mortar batteries at Diamond Head, big guns at Waikīkī and Pearl Harbor, and a series of emplacements from Koko Head around the island to Waianae.

Between 1911 and 1914 the Army Corps of Engineers built four batteries at Fort Kamehameha (Selfridge, Hasbrouck, Hawkins, and Jackson), adding a fifth one (Battery Closson) in 1920.

These batteries were key sections of Oahu’s “ring of steel,” which included Forts Armstrong, DeRussy and Ruger, along with Ford Island Military Reservation.

The Army fortified O‘ahu’s harbors with a system of gun emplacements employing mortars and long-range rifled guns. Although its guns are gone, the old batteries are still there.

Battery Selfridge was 500′ x 90′, the largest of the batteries. With an earth berm concealing the makai side, the massive two-story concrete structure was built to support eight 12-inch mortars (four to a pit). The 12-inch guns could send a 1,046-lb. projectile approximately 17,000 yards.

Battery Hasbrouck was a one-story concrete structure with a total area of 470′ x 100′. Battery Hasbrouck supported eight 12-inch mortars placed in quads of four per pit; each could send a projectile approximately 15,200 yards.

Battery Hawkins was located along the water at the south-eastern edge of the Fort Kamehameha. It supported two 3-inch rapid-fire rifled cannon-mounted pedestals. Each gun had a range of 11,100 yards when firing a 15-pound projectile. These guns were meant to cover the entrance to Pearl Harbor, where submarine mines would be activated in time of war.

Battery Jackson is the smallest of these coastal batteries. This single-story concrete structure includes three magazine sections, with a total area of 73′ x 86′. It supported two 6-inch rifles mounted on disappearing carriages. These breech-loaded cannon could send a 106-lb. projectile a maximum of 14,600 yards.

Battery Closson supported two 12-inch rifles mounted on barbette carriages with a 360-degree field of fire. These guns could cover all but the northern-most Oahu beaches. These guns could be fired at elevation angles up to 35 degrees, and the range of the 12-inch guns was increased to 30,100 yards (17.1 miles) firing a 975-lb. projectile.

OK, that’s the armament part of the story, but there’s more to this than early-1900s military defenses.

The land, once the site of Queen Emma’s home, contained three shallow fishponds, groves of trees and a marsh when the Army purchased it in 1907 and built the first gun battery.

Today, the area has been recognized as an historic area. In addition to the armaments, Fort Kamehameha historic area encompasses a flagpole, chapel and 33 homes built in 1916.

The bungalow style homes are in two styles, four in a large H-shaped plan and 29 in a smaller U-shaped footprint.

When you land at Honolulu International Airport, you almost always fly over Fort Kamehameha and these homes. They are an intact residential complex with a neighborhood feel of mature trees, large expanses of grass and open space, access to the waterfront, and a children’s playground.

A proposal to dispose of Fort Kamehameha is the result of a regulation that limits the uses that can occur along the flight path of runways at nearby Honolulu International Airport, which shares the runways with the Air Force and Hawai‘i Air National Guard.

While at DLNR, I had the opportunity to visit Fort Kamehameha, both the military armament sections, as well as the residential area. (At the time, I was serving as the State Historic Preservation Officer.)

I believed then, as I believe now, that this assemblage of homes needs to be preserved – they tell an important story about Hawai‘i. I think relocation and assemblage in a different area is probably the most practical. (Destruction is not.)

In 2008, Historic Hawai‘i Foundation put Fort Kamehameha on its Most Endangered Historic Sites in Hawai‘i list. I concur with their assessment. The homes were there first, before any airfield in the area.

We need to remember, the homes were built in 1916; Luke Field on Ford Island started in 1919; Honolulu International Airport (HNL) opened in March 1927 as John Rodgers Airport and Hickam Field started in 1934.

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Fort Kamehameha 12-inch railroad mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha 12-inch railroad mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha Railways Guns, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha Railways Guns, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha 8-inch railway guns, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha 8-inch railway guns, 1930s
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Fort Kamehameha_1930s
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Fort Kamehameha 12-inch railway mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha 12-inch railway mortars, 1930s
Fort Kamehameha, November 2, 1932
Fort Kamehameha, November 2, 1932
Fort Kamehameha Landing Strip, Oahu, September 14, 1936
Fort Kamehameha Landing Strip, Oahu, September 14, 1936
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Fort Kamehameha-hawaii-gov
Fort Kamehameha Landing Strip, Oahu, March 9, 1938
Fort Kamehameha Landing Strip, Oahu, March 9, 1938
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Fort Kamehameha-Map
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Fort_Kamehameha_residences_AF
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Fort_Kamehameha-residences_AF

Filed Under: Military Tagged With: Historic Hawaii Foundation, Army, Fort Kamehameha, Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii, Honolulu, Army Coast Artillery Corps

April 2, 2019 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Hāna Landing

On December 19, 1853 the Privy Council awarded a monopoly to The Hawaiian Steam Navigation Company to operate steamers inter-island. In 1860 a propeller steamer Kilauea made its appearance; however she had a checkered run due to being laid up for repairs or lack of coal on many occasions.

In November, 1868, the SS Kilauea was withdrawn and the islands were without inter-island steamer service for two years. Sailing ships in the coasting trade filled the void created by the withdrawal of the Kilauea in 1868 until she was refit and returned to service in October, 1870. (HHF)

In the mid-1870s interisland transportation consisted of one steamer and around 30 sailing schooners, sloops and other boats. During this era the sugar cane industry utilized these vessels. In 1871 Samuel G. Wilder became the agent for the government-owned SS Kilauea and started Wilder & Company in 1872. (HHF)

Competitors Wilder Steamship Co (1872) and Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co (1883) ran different routes, rather than engage in head to head competition.

Inter-Island operated the Kauaʻi and Oʻahu ports plus some on Hawaiʻi. Wilder took Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi and Maui plus Hawaiʻi ports not served by Inter-Island. Both companies stopped at Lāhainā, Māʻalaea Bay and Makena on Maui’s leeward coast. (HawaiianStamps)

Later, inter-island trade was carried almost exclusively by the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co, the successor to the firm of Thomas R Foster & Co (the original founders of the company) and which, in 1905, acquired the Wilder Steamship Co. (Congressional Record)

“The Inter-Island Steam Navigation Co, established in 1883, own(ed) and operate(d) a fleet of first-class vessels engaged exclusively in the transportation of passengers and freight between ports on the islands of the Hawaiian group.” (Annual Report of the Governor, 1939)

Regular sailings of passenger vessels are maintained from Honolulu four times weekly to ports on the island of Hawaiʻi, four times weekly to Molokaʻi, twice weekly to Kauaʻi, three times weekly to Lānaʻi and daily, except Monday and Saturday, to ports on the island of Maui. Included in the fleet are 12 passenger and freight vessels.” (Report of the Governor, 1930)

During the 1920s, 30s, and 40s, Inter-Island Steam Navigation had the SS Haleakalā, Hualālai, Kilauea and Waiʻaleʻale. There were others that carried 12-passengers such as the SS Humuʻula, which was primarily a cattle boat.

On the Maui and Molokai Route, Wilder’s had the main service for most Maui and Molokai ports. Wilder’s steamers ran a “milk run” stopping at Molokai ports before arriving at Lahaina on the run from Honolulu.

From Lahaina, they proceeded around northern West Maui to Kahului and thence to Hāna or Kipahulu and then retraced their route stopping at various ports along northern East Maui, Kahului, Lahaina and Molokai.

The steamer route along the northern East Maui augmented the often unpredictable overland route between Hāna and Haiku. When overland service between West Maui and Wailuku/Kahului was terminated in 1888, the steamers carried all the mail from Lahaina to Kahului or other parts of Maui.

At Hāna, Maui, a series of landings, jetties, and pier had been in use since at least 1882 – the landing was located near the foot of Keawa Place.

In March 1902, the Hāna Landing was “washed away by the great storm of the first of the month.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, March 31, 1902)

It was replaced in 1903. “The wharf measures about sixty feet by thirty feet and has a shed of corrugated iron over the end toward the water measuring forty-nine by thirty-eight feet.”

“A wall of solid masonry was also constructed near the northeast corner of the landing to protect it against heavy surf, which in times of storm has often lined the platform from its foundations.”

“Hāna people are much pleased with the new structure. The covered wharf will make an excellent dancing pavilion, inasmuch as those who have the festivity in charge intend that the floor shall be covered with smooth tongue and groove lumber.” (Pacific Commercial Advertiser, June 29, 1903) (A July 4 luau and dance were held that year.)

But the location of the landing had its challenges. “Unusually stormy weather has been reported from Hāna this week. On Tuesday two of the Claudine’s shore boats were tossed high upon the beach at the Hāna landing by the strong surf running, but no serious damage resulted.” (Maui News, November 5, 1915)

The decision was made to replace the smaller landing with a larger pier. Original drawings were produced by the Board of Harbor Commissioners. They are dated from September 1918 to March 5, 1919, and are signed by Lyman H. Bigelow, Chairman.

The pier at Hāna Bay (also historically known as Kauiki Bay ca. 1920, and as Kapueokahi Bay ca. 1882) was completed in the first half of 1921.

When the 1921 structure was built, it was referred to as “Hāna Wharf”, not as a pier (as it is known today). Because of a manpower shortage due to the military draft for service during World War, about 60 prisoners were used to man its construction.

When the pier was constructed, sugar had been grown commercially in Hāna for about 70 years. The Kaeleku Plantation Company was then the only plantation operating in the Hāna vicinity.

Bagged sugar from the Kaeleku mill was transported to Hāna Pier via the plantation railway system. From the wharf, the bagged sugar would often be lightered to a waiting transport ship anchored a short way offshore. Between 1922 and 1945, all of Kaeleku Plantation Company’s bagged sugar was shipped out of Hāna Pier. (HHF)

It was originally a commercial harbor under the jurisdiction of HDOT. The facility was transferred to the Department of Land & Natural Resources Boating Division in the early 2000s, then conveyed back to HDOT in 2010.

Shortly after the transfer, investigations of the facility determined it was unsafe and the pier was condemned and closed. In 2016, due to safety hazards, the decision to remove the pier was made.

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Hana Landing-HHF
Hana Landing-HHF
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Boat at Hana Pier-HHF
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Hana Wharf-HHF
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Hana Pier-HHF

Filed Under: Economy, General, Place Names, Sailing, Shipping & Shipwrecks Tagged With: Hawaii, Inter-Island Steam Navigation, Maui, Wilder Steamship, Hana, Hana Landing, Hana Pier, Hana Wharf

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