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February 8, 2018 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

‘Friend of the Mission from the First’

“He had been the friend of the Mission from the first – had forsaken his vices, embraced the Gospel, joined the Church of Christ, and maintained a consistent life.”

“When he found that he must die, he resolved to retire to the island, and to that spot in that island, which had been familiar in his early days.”

“As he stood upon the shore of O‘ahu ready to depart, with the Missionaries near him, and multitudes of natives about him weeping because they should see his face no more …”

“… he declared, in the presence of all, his confidence in the Missionaries, and his joy in the religion which they had brought to the Islands and to himself …”

“… and then desired that all might be quiet, while, on the beach and under the open heavens, one of the Missionaries should commend him and them to the protection and guardianship of Almighty God.”

“Having retired to the home of his fathers, he a few days after died; and as he died, this venerable warrior and chieftain said, ‘I am happy – I am happy’ – a speech, which, we venture to say, no dying Islander ever uttered before the Missionaries arrived and preached the Gospel.”

“Some months before his death, he had his parting advice to his people committed to paper. Just before he left O‘ahu, it was read to him.”

“‘These are my sentiments still,’ said he; ‘and, on the day that I am taken away, I wish the people to be assembled, and these words to be read to them as mine.’”

“This document, like his other compositions, since his professed obedience to the Gospel, is described as breathing a spirit of piety, and exhibiting evidence of the Christian hope.”

“The evidences of his Christian character are thus enumerated by Mr. Bingham – ‘The consistency of his life with what he knew of the requirements of the Word of God – his steady adherence to Christian principles, which he professed to follow since his contest, preservation, and victory at Tauai …’”

“‘… his steady, warm, and operative friendship for the Missionaries; and his constant, earnest, and efficient endeavours, while his health would allow it, to promote the cause of instruction and religious improvement among the people …’”

“‘… his constancy in attending the worship of God – his firmness in resisting temptation – his faithfulness in reproving sin – his patience in suffering – his calm and steady hope of heaven, through the atonement of Christ …’”

“‘… whom he regarded as the only Saviour, to whom he had, as he said, given up himself, heart, soul, and body, to be his servant for ever —all combine to give him a happy claim to that most honourable title of Rulers on earth, a Nursing Father in Zion, and to the name of ‘Christian, the highest style of man.’’”

“‘This world,’ he said, ‘is full of sorrow: but, in heaven, there is no sorrow nor pain – It is good! – It is light! – It is happy!’”

“It is a subject of gratitude, that the life of so important a man was preserved during the troubles of last year, when his sudden removal might have been followed by most disastrous consequences.”

“Thanks should be rendered, also, for the gracious support which was afforded him, during his long illness, as death gradually advanced.”

“The power of religion was strikingly manifest in the victory, which, in this instance, faith gained over inveterate habits, pride, the love of sin, and the love of the world: nothing but Christian truth ever obtained such a conquest.”

“Such a man as Karaimoku would be a blessing to any nation.”

“He only wanted an early education, to have made him an accomplished statesman. The nation must long lament his loss, for there is no one who can fill his place.” (Missionary Register, 1828)

“Kalanimōku, whom the natives called (“kaula hao, iron cable, of the country, a compliment higher than the discharge of twenty-one guns from the fort would have been” (Bingham)), died in 1827.”

“Anticipating the approach of his dissolution from the progress of dropsy (edema – a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body), the old chief sailed from Honolulu for Kailua (Kona), where he wished to die.”

“Here, under an unsuccessful operation for his disease, he fainted, and after a few hours expired, on the 8th of February. In him the heathen warrior was seen transformed into the peaceful, joyous Christian.” (Anderson)

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William Pitt Kalanimoku (c. 1768–1827) was a military and civil leader of the Kingdom of Hawaii-Pellion
William Pitt Kalanimoku (c. 1768–1827) was a military and civil leader of the Kingdom of Hawaii-Pellion

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Missionaries / Churches / Religious Buildings Tagged With: Hawaii, Missionaries, Kalanimoku, Kalaimoku

September 17, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Kālaimoku

“(I)n the earliest times all the people were alii … it was only after the lapse of several generations that a division was made into commoners and chiefs” (Malo)

Kamakau noted, in early Hawaiʻi “The parents were masters over their own family group … No man was made chief over another.” Essentially, the extended family was the socio, biological, economic and political unit.

Because each ʻohana (family) was served by a parental haku (master, overseer) and each family was self-sufficient and capable of satisfying its own needs, there was no need for a hierarchal structure.

Kamakau states that there were no chiefs in the earliest period of settlement but that they came “several hundred years afterward … when men became numerous.”

As the population increased and wants and needs increased in variety and complexity (and it became too difficult to satisfy them with finite resources,) the need for chiefly rule became apparent.

The actual number of chiefs was few, but their retainers attached to the courts (advisors, konohiki, priests, warriors, etc) were many.

In addition to the expanded demand to provide food for the courts, commoners were also obliged to make new lines of products for the chiefs – feather cloaks, capes, helmets, images and ornaments.

Once King Kamehameha I gained control of the major Hawaiian Islands, he reestablished the ancestral custom of the ʻaha aliʻi (council of chiefs,) first to provide advice and ensure the proper governance of the islands without reliance on warfare.

The council of chiefs supervised the division and management of land, the management of fisheries, the sandalwood trade and the annual collection of taxes.

Kamehameha also appointed governors for each island, in recognition of the relative autonomy of each island in relation to local affairs and as an accommodation to the federated nature of the governance of the unified Kingdom.

The council provided a constraint on the power of the mōʻī (head of state) and was an early indicator of the democratic direction in which governance of the nation was moving. (MacKenzie)

There were two strong forces, or parties, in the government; one the kahunas, who attended to the idol-worship, the other the kālaimoku, or king’s chief councilor (counselor, prime minister, high official; to perform such office. Lit., manage island, (Ulukau.)) These two were the ones who controlled the government, and led its head, the king, as they thought best. (Malo)

The word kālaimoku related to the civil polity, or government, of the land. The government was supposed to have one body (kino.) As the body of a man is one, provided with a head, with hands, feet and numerous smaller members, so the government has many parts, but one organization. (Malo)

The kālaimoku’s manner of procedure was as follows: He first made secret inquiries of the keepers of the genealogies – poe kuauhau – and informed himself as to the pedigree of all the chiefs.

Because the kālaimoku believed that the king was to be compared to a house. A house indeed stands of itself, but its pa or stockade, is its defense. So it was with the king; the chiefs below him and the common people throughout the whole country were his defense.

Aliʻi nui would carefully consider the advice of his council, and would be hesitant to go against it. Kālaimoku and kahuna kiʻi played different roles in their process of governing.

The kālaimoku advised on the material processes of government: political affairs, war, and taking care of makaʻāinana; the kahuna kiʻi focused on the spiritual and metaphysical and was the aliʻi nui contact t the gods. (Beamer)

If the head of the government declined to follow their advice, the government went to another, on account of the fault of its head, that is the king. The high priest – kahuna o nā kiʻi – controlled the king in matters of religion – haipule- (He was keeper of the king’s conscience.)

The kālaimoku, chief councilor or prime minister, guided him in regulating the affairs of administration, and in all that related to the common people. (Malo)

The principal duties of the kālaimoku’s office were comprised under two heads; to look after the king’s interests and to look after the people’s interests. The one who filled the office of kālaimoku made it his first business to counsel the king in the regulation of these two departments. (Malo)

One thing which the kālaimoku impressed upon the king was to protect the property of the chiefs as well as that of the common people; not to rob them, not to appropriate wantonly the crops of the common people. (Malo)

The kālaimoku’s manner of procedure was as follows: He first made secret inquiries of the keepers of the genealogies – poe kuauhau – and informed himself as to the pedigree of all the chiefs.

Because the kālaimoku believed that the king was to be compared to a house. A house indeed stands of itself, but its pa or stockade, is its defense. So it was with the king; the chiefs below him and the common people throughout the whole country were his defense.

There were two great reasons why a kālaimoku had superior ability as a counselor to others. In the first place, they were instructed in the traditional wisdom of former kālaimoku, and in the second place their whole lives were spent with kings.

When one king died, they lived with his successor until his death, and so on. Thus they became well acquainted with the methods adopted by different kings, also with those used by the kings of ancient times.

These kālaimoku were a class of people who did not care much for luxury and display, nor for distinction, wealth, or land. They had no desire for great rewards from the king. They were only intent on serving the king by their secret councils.

A notable Kālaimoku was Kalanimōkū was a trusted and loyal advisor to Kamehameha I, Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III.)

He adopted the name William Pitt, because of his great admiration for the British Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger. He was frequently addressed as Mr. Pitt or Billy Pitt. (Lots of information here from Malo.)

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© 2016 Hoʻokuleana LLC

William Pitt Kalanimoku (c. 1768–1827) was a military and civil leader of the Kingdom of Hawaii-Pellion
William Pitt Kalanimoku (c. 1768–1827) was a military and civil leader of the Kingdom of Hawaii-Pellion

Filed Under: Ali'i / Chiefs / Governance, Hawaiian Traditions, Prominent People Tagged With: Hawaii, Kalanimoku, Kalaimoku

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