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October 6, 2016 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Charles A Cottrill

“A hard fight had been made against him. He was opposed, on nothing but the fact that he was a negro. His opponents, many of them sincere, urged that his color would prevent success in office here, that he would be ostracized, that his assistants would not work with him.”

“Obstacles were thrown in his way from the start, until Cottrill himself arrived on the scene and went about his duties.” (Star Bulletin, January 22, 1913)

In his support the Toledo Chamber of Commerce noted, “Mr Cottrill is a man of excellent educational qualifications well fitted by experience and training to perform the duties of this new office, faithful to the work he has in hand, of unquestioned integrity and having the strength of character that will make him a forceful number of your community.”

“I feel very positive that he will within a short time be held in the same high esteem by the business men of Honolulu in which he is now held by the business men of Toledo.”

“The Toledo Chamber of Commerce does not frequently write letters of this character but in this particular instance our officers feel that this tribute to Mr Cottrill is so thoroughly well deserved as to warrant our putting aside old precedents.” (Louis Paine, Secretary Toledo Chamber of Commerce; Hawaiian Gazette, December 9, 1910)

“Charles A Cottrill was born in Findlay, Ohio, December 3, 1863, and moved with his parents to Toledo in 1867. He entered the public schools of this city and was graduated therefrom in June 1881, having been president of his class during his entire senior year in the high school.”

“He entered the United States Internal Revenue Service at Toledo August 1, 1881 as clerk to the collector and by a series of promotions rose to the position of general bookkeeper for the tenth collection district of Ohio. During this time he read law relating to that branch of the public service.”

“He was employed from June 1, 1887 to January 1, 1888 by the treasurer of Lucas County, Ohio and on the latter date entered the office of the secretary of state at Columbus as chief of the Division of Incorporation, and continued in that office until January 1, 1893. During that time he specialized in corporation law.”

“In January 1893 he was appointed deputy recorder of Lucas County, Ohio and filled the duties of that office so satisfactorily that on November 1, 1897 he was promoted to chief deputy which position he held to the entire satisfaction of the tax-payers and of his chief until September 1, 1910.

“During these years Mr. Cottrill gave a great deal of time and attention to laws relating to real estate. Mr. Cottrill has always been prominently and efficiently identified with the Republican party not only In this city, county and state, but also nationally. (Hawaiian Star, December 9, 1910)

Prior to arriving, he noted, “‘I regard the Negro Officeholder as a man loaded down with responsibilities of the most serious kind,’ said the Hon Charles A Cottrill, the new collector of internal revenue for the district of Hawaii, as a reception tendered him by Hon WH Clifford in Washington recently.”

“In the course of his speech Mr Cottrill called upon those present to be true to race interests. ‘Manhood and race interests,’ he said, ‘demand that we acquit ourselves with credit in the positions we are called to fill. This we must do in order that the other members of the race who come after us may have an easier time.’” (Afro-American Ledger, February 18, 1911)

A distinguished African American was supported by President William Taft to be tax collector for the Hawai’ian Territory in 1911.

“‘The first and the principal thing for an office holder to do, is to render best service to the public. The question of who should be appointed in office, is a secondary matter.’”

“He emphasized the fact, however, that any office holder should render his best service to the public, which he considers, as the principal thing to do, and says he has no present intention of making changes.”

“He will be officially installed in office next Saturday morning, succeeding W. F. Drake, who has been Collector since Roy H. Chamberlain resigned in 1907.”

“Cottrill, who is a lawyer by profession, comes from Toledo, Ohio. He is a negro. He arrived this morning accompanied by Mrs. Cottrill and JC Cottrill the son.” (Evening Bulletin, March 16, 1911)

Later, on a visit by Legislators and others to Waialeʻe Industrial School, “the boys were assembled in the schoolroom to be addressed by Charles A Cottrill, collector of internal revenue.”

“Tears sprang into the eyes of the youngsters, who had been found guilty of some offense and sent to the institution, and ashamed faces were concealed, as Mr. Cottrill pointed out the better ways before them.”

“He did not tell them they had done wrong. Perhaps if he had his words would not have affected them. When his address was ended, Speaker Holstein and Representative Watkins were heard to say that nothing could have been a greater benefit to the youths, and Superintendent Tucker agreed with them.” (Star Bulletin, April 21, 1913)

“Collector Cottrill is a strong race man. Yet, with all his loyalty to his race, he has steadily grown in favor among all classes in Hawaii. His services as an orator are always in demand, and indeed, he has given many people here a new idea of the negro and the negro’s ability.”

“These are some of the reasons why Collector Cottrill deserves to be kept in office. Such a course on the part of the Democrats who command national patronage will set an example far more valuable than any of partisan politics.” (Star Bulletin, January 22, 1913)

Cottrill was a socialite who enjoyed the privileges provided by prestigious country clubs and socialized with top business executives associated with Hawai’i’s top five corporations. His son attended Punahou School.

“Mr. Cottrill is a gentleman of pleasing personality and affable manners, making friends easily and retaining them by reason of his innumerable likeable qualities of heart and mind.” (Hawaiian Star, December 9, 1910)

He left the Hawaiian Islands in 1915, when President Wilson sent him to Ohio, where he continued his political career. (Kelley)

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Charles A Cottrill-OhioHistory
Charles A Cottrill-OhioHistory
charles-a-cottrill-hawaiian-star-dec-9-1910

Filed Under: Prominent People, Economy Tagged With: Hawaii, African American, Charles A Cottrill, Tax Collector

May 27, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

‘Unknown Negro Mess Man’

Following the attack, the reports from all of Pearl Harbor’s ships and shore facilities of the events of December 7, 1941 were assembled and analyzed; then, the process of confirmation and then giving commendations to all personnel cited in the hundreds of reports began.

The Navy Board of Awards was established on February 12, 1942. A Navy spokesman recommended that the ‘unknown Negro mess man’ be considered for an award (the sole commendation to an African American.)

The unknown Negro mess man was named to the 1941 Honor Roll of Race Relations. On March 12, 1942, Dr Lawrence D Reddick announced, after corresponding with the Navy, that he found the name was ‘Doris Miller.’ (Aiken)

Let’s look back …

Doris Miller was born on October 12, 1919, the third of four sons to Connery and Henrietta Miller in Waco, Texas. He was named for the midwife present at his birth.

The family lived in a three room farmhouse near Speegleville, Texas where his father was a farmer. His life had begun in a time of controversy, turmoil and violence, although his immediate surroundings appeared to be peaceful and simple. Everyone in America struggled through the Great Depression. (Baltimore AfroAmerican)

Along with his siblings, Doris worked to support the family farm from an early age. In his youth, he became an excellent marksman as he hunted for small game with his brothers.

Doris also had a successful school career at AJ Moore High School. His tall stature gained the attention of the football coach at the school who recruited Doris as a fullback on the team.

However, as Doris became older, and as war loomed on the horizon, he longed to join the armed forces much to the chagrin of his parents. After several attempts to join different sectors of the military, Doris enlisted in the US Navy in Dallas, Texas, on September 16, 1939.

Unfortunately, at the time of his enlistment, discrimination limited the areas of service for African Americans in the military. After training, his assignment was as a mess attendant, third class. (Danner; Waco History)

“You have to understand that when Franklin Delano Roosevelt was president in 1932, he opened up the Navy again to blacks, but in one area only; they were called mess attendants, stewards, and cooks,” says Clark Simmons, who was a mess attendant on the USS Utah during the Pearl Harbor attack.

“The Navy was so structured that if you were black, this was what they had you do in the Navy – you only could be a servant.” (National Geographic)

After training in Norfolk, Virginia, and serving a stint on the ammunition ship Pyro, Miller was assigned to the battleship West Virginia in 1940. He soon won renown as the best heavyweight boxer onboard.

With the exception of a training stay at Secondary Battery Gunnery School, Miller would remain on the West Virginia until December 7, 1941, when the ship was in port at Pearl Harbor, Hawai‘i.

The morning of the Japanese attack, Miller was doing laundry rounds when the call to battle stations went out. He rushed to his station, an antiaircraft-battery magazine. Seeing the magazine damaged by torpedo fire, he went above decks to help the wounded to safety.

Word came that “the captain and the executive officer, the ‘XO,’ were on the bridge and they both were injured,” says Simmons. “So Dorie Miller went up and physically picked up the captain and brought him down to the first aid station. And then he went back and manned a .50-caliber machine gun, which he had not been trained on.” (National Geographic)

He committed his efforts to the defense of the West Virginia until superiors ordered all to abandon ship.

“It wasn’t hard,” said Miller shortly after the battle. “I just pulled the trigger and she worked fine. I had watched the others with these guns. I guess I fired her for about 15 minutes. I think I got one of those Jap planes. They were diving pretty close to us.” (National Geographic)

Here’s a clip of Cuba Gooding, Jr portraying Miller in ‘Pearl Harbor.’

Of the 1,541 men on West Virginia during the attack, 130 were killed and 52 wounded. Then, word circulated about the ‘unknown Negro mess man’ and his actions that day.

On March 14, 1942, The Pittsburgh Courier released a story that named the black mess man as ‘Dorie’ Miller. This is the earliest found use of ‘Dorie,’ an apparent typographical error. (Some sources have further misspelled the name to ‘Dore’ and ‘Dorrie.’

Various writers have attributed ‘Dorie’ to other suggestions such as a “nickname to shipmates and friends”… or “the Navy thought he should go by the more masculine-sounding Dorie.” (Aiken)

On May 27, 1942 in a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Admiral Chester W Nimitz, Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, personally recognized Miller aboard the aircraft carrier Enterprise.

Miller became the first African American recipient of the Navy Cross, the highest decoration the navy can offer besides the Congressional Medal of Honor. (Danner; Waco History)

The Navy’s commendation noted, “For distinguished devotion to duty, extraordinary courage and disregard for his own personal safety during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawai‘i, by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941.”

“While at the side of his Captain on the bridge, Miller, despite enemy strafing and bombing and in the face of a serious fire, assisted in moving his Captain, who had been mortally wounded, to a place of greater safety, and later manned and operated a machine gun directed at enemy Japanese attacking aircraft until ordered to leave the bridge.” (Navy)

The Pittsburgh Courier called for Miller to be allowed to return home for a war bond tour like white heroes. In November 1942, Miller arrived at Maui, and was ordered on a war bond tour while still attached to the heavy cruiser Indianapolis.

In December 1942 and January 1943, he gave talks in Oakland, California, in his hometown of Waco, Texas, in Dallas and to the first graduating class of African-American sailors from Great Lakes Naval Training Station, Chicago.

Miller then reported to duty aboard the aircraft carrier Liscome Bay as Petty Officer, Ship’s Cook Third Class. After training in Hawai‘i for the Gilbert Islands operation, Liscome Bay participated in the Battle of Tarawa which began on November 20, 1943. (Philadelphia Tribune)

During the battle of the Gilbert Islands, on November 24, 1943, a single torpedo from a Japanese submarine struck the escort carrier near the stern. (Texas State Historical Assn)

The aircraft bomb magazine detonated a few moments later, sinking the warship within minutes. There were 272 survivors. The rest of the crew was listed as “presumed dead.”

On December 7, 1943 — exactly two years after Pearl Harbor —Miller’s parents were notified their son “was dead.” (Philadelphia Tribune)

In addition to conferring upon him the Navy Cross, the Navy honored Doris Miller by naming a dining hall, a barracks and a destroyer escort for him. The USS Miller (a Knox-class frigate) is the third naval ship to be named after a black navy man.

In Waco, a YMCA branch, a park and a cemetery bear his name. In Houston, Texas, and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, elementary schools have been named for him, as has a Veterans of Foreign Wars chapter in Los Angeles.

An auditorium on the campus of Huston-Tillotson College in Austin is dedicated to his memory. In Chicago, the Doris Miller Foundation honors persons who make significant contributions to racial understanding. (Doris Miller Memorial) In Honolulu, there is a Doris Miller Loop, just mauka of the airport. (There are many more memorials to Doris Miller.)

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Admiral Chester Nimitz presenting the Navy Cross to Doris Miller
Admiral Chester Nimitz presenting the Navy Cross to Doris Miller
Doris_Miller
Doris_Miller
Doris-Dorie-Miller
Doris-Dorie-Miller
Miller speaking during a visit to the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois, on 7 January 1943-80-G-294808
Miller speaking during a visit to the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois, on 7 January 1943-80-G-294808
Miller speaking with sailors and a civilian at Naval Station Great Lakes, January 7, 1943
Miller speaking with sailors and a civilian at Naval Station Great Lakes, January 7, 1943
Dorie Miller-cartoon
Dorie Miller-cartoon
Above_and_beyond_poster-1943 U.S. Navy recruiting poster featuring Doris Miller
Above_and_beyond_poster-1943 U.S. Navy recruiting poster featuring Doris Miller
Dorie Miller Pin
Dorie Miller Pin

Filed Under: Military, Prominent People Tagged With: Hawaii, Oahu, Pearl Harbor, Doris Miller, African American

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