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July 15, 2017 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

He wanted to be Lindbergh of the Pacific

Just days after Charles Lindbergh’s transatlantic triumph, the Honolulu Star Bulletin announced a new challenge. Hawaii’s “Pineapple King” James Dole was offering cash prizes to the first and second person or crew to fly nonstop from North America to Honolulu.

But before the race even got off the ground, the Army’s Lieutenant Lester J Maitland (pilot) and Lieutenant Albert F Hegenberger (navigator) became the first to reach Hawaii by air flying the ‘Bird of Paradise.’ (So with that glory claimed, the Dole Derby, as it became known, evolved into a one-time race for cash.) (Smithsonian)

Ernest L Smith dreamt of becoming the ‘Lindbergh of the Pacific.’ But after the Army’s Maitland and Hegenberger reached Hawai‘i before him, he settled on becoming the first civilian to do so. Emory Bronte was his navigator.

Smith, born in Reno, Nevada, had moved with his family to San Francisco in time to experience the great earthquake of 1906. Later the Smiths moved to Oakland, where ‘Ernie’ graduated from high school and spent two years at the University of California at Berkeley.

He then went on to dental training, which was interrupted by the US entry into World War I. After serving briefly in the medical corps, Smith transferred to the new US Army Air Service and learned to fly at Rockwell Field in San Diego.

He spent the rest of the war as an instructor at March Field in Riverside, then joined the Army’s aviation reserve while flying for the Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest. In 1926 he worked for Pacific Air Transport as a pilot.

Bronte, a native of New York, had gone to sea at age 15 before entering the Navy in World War I. After the war he joined Isthmian Steamship Company, working his way up from third mate to master.

In 1923 he relocated to San Francisco to work for McCormick Steamship Company, after which he became the Pacific Coast representative of the Inland Waterways Corporation.

Along the way he had authored a book on navigation, but government service had also whetted his interest in the law, a field he planned to study after the 1927 flight was over. He had taken flying lessons and had soloed in a Curtiss JN-4 ‘Jenny’ but had no actual pilot’s license.

“The crowd of 10,000 that had assembled at Bay Farm Island across the bay from San Francisco watched intently on July 14, 1927, as (Smith and Bronte’s) Travel Air 5000 high-winged monoplane dubbed City of Oakland warmed up on the runway at Oakland Airport, preparing for a transpacific flight attempt.” (Grover)

“Smith and navigator Emory Bronte took off from Oakland, California, in a single-engine Travelair on July 14, 1927. Aside from radio earphone problems, their 25-hour trip went well ….” (Smithsonian)

At 3:45 pm they transmitted an “all’s-well” message. The SS Maunaloa received a message from the City Of Oakland at about 6:00 pm, by which time the flyers were about 500 miles out and doing well.

At 3:00 am one of Bronte’s transmissions was picked up by the SS Wilhelmina and the Army transport Kenowis. The signals were quite weak. However, the SS Waniwa later heard from Bronte’s transmitter with a stronger signal.

Now quite close to the Hawaiian Islands and a place to land, the flyers’ spirits soared only to be momentarily dampened by the sounds of their only engine sputtering and coughing.

They were running out of fuel …

Smith switched to another tank and hand-pumped fuel to it. Within seconds, the engine roared back to life. Smith checked his supply and calculated that only about one hour’s fuel remained … but, they had four hours of flying time to the Islands.

Bronte sent SOS messages to all listeners, marking the plane’s latitude and longitude where they expected to ditch.

Methodical Bronte made a close check of the navigational problem about 500 miles from Hawai‘i and learned that Maui, much closer than their O‘ahu destination, could be reached if their fuel wasn’t depleted beforehand.

Smith took measures to conserve what fuel remained by retarding his throttle, showing down to 100 miles per hour. On they flew, straining for a sight of land.

Reaching Molokai’s southern coast, the engine continued to turn. Smith flew on, parallel to the east coast, then they could see the southwestern side of the island to be heavily wooded and uneven.

Smith headed for the softest looking clump of trees he could find, as the engine quit running entirely. (Horvat; Hawaii Aviation)

“Kiawenui, a desolate, rocky stretch along the southeast coast of Molokai, aptly taking its name from the deep covering of kiawe trees that bristles on beach and hills, has been added to Hawaii’s famous spots—and the kiawe tree has become a famous species in the minds of Ernest Smith, pilot, and Emory Bronte Jr., navigation.”

“It was on this lonely stretch, about two miles east of Kamalo landing that Smith, running out of gasoline, in a last desperate effort to bring his silver monoplane City of Oakland to Oahu from the Pacific coast, was forced to land.”

“And it was the thick, thorn-encrusted limbs of a kiawe that extended Hawaii’s initial welcome to the daring birdmen.”

“Cheering thousands watched the Travelair monoplane take off from the Oakland airport at 10:40 a.m. Pacific time, Thursday. Startled mynah birds and a terrified flock of quail constituted the reception committee for Hawaii 24 hours later.” (Buckley, Star Bulletin, July 16, 1927; Hawaii Aviation)

Pilot and navigator were shaken but unhurt except for scratches from the tree thorns. It was 8:47 am, Hawaiian Standard Time, July 15, 1927.

There was no prize money to be collected, the plane was unusable. But the pair was later honored, along with Lindbergh, Maitland and Hegenberger and other famous flyers, by the President of the United States for their feat and contribution to the development of aviation. The airplane was returned to the US and repaired.

Smith became an executive of Trans World Airways. Bronte was given a Navy reserve lieutenant’s commission. Ten years later, he returned with Mrs. Bronte to the Islands aboard Pan America‘s China Clipper.

During World War II, Bronte went through the Navy’s flight training program as a commander. The pioneer flyer went on to command three naval air stations and an island in the Admiralty group off New Guinea. (Horvat; Hawaii Aviation)

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Smith - Bronte Memorial-Molokai
Smith – Bronte Memorial-Molokai
Smith-Bronte crash
Smith-Bronte crash
1927-7-15 Smith - Bronte 02
1927-7-15 Smith – Bronte 02
Several field hands from Norman Magurie's Kamalo, Molokai, came up to the wreck of the City of Oakland. July 15, 1927
Several field hands from Norman Magurie’s Kamalo, Molokai, came up to the wreck of the City of Oakland. July 15, 1927
1927-7-15 Smith - Bronte 03
1927-7-15 Smith – Bronte 03
City_of_Oakland-takes_off_from_Oakland
City_of_Oakland-takes_off_from_Oakland
1927 July Smith - Bronte 10
1927 July Smith – Bronte 10
1927-7-17 Smith - Bronte 08
1927-7-17 Smith – Bronte 08
1927-7-15 Smith - Bronte 06
1927-7-15 Smith – Bronte 06
1927-7-15 Smith - Bronte 05
1927-7-15 Smith – Bronte 05
Molokai-Smith-Bronte Crash Site-UH_Manoa-USGS-4222-1949-portion-site noted
Molokai-Smith-Bronte Crash Site-UH_Manoa-USGS-4222-1949-portion-site noted
Molokai-Smith-Bronte Crash Site-UH_Manoa-USGS-4221-1949-portion-site noted
Molokai-Smith-Bronte Crash Site-UH_Manoa-USGS-4221-1949-portion-site noted

Filed Under: Economy, General, Prominent People Tagged With: Albert Hegenberger, Charles Lindbergh, Dole Derby, Emory Bronte, Ernest Smith, Hawaii, Lester Maitland, Molokai

August 17, 2016 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Dole Derby

The basis for the modern pineapple industry in Hawai‘i began when John Kidwell, a trained horticulturist, established a nursery in Mānoa Valley and started a pineapple farm with locally available plants.

The canning industry began in 1889 when Kidwell’s business associate, John Emmeluth, a Honolulu hardware merchant and plumber, produced commercial quantities of canned pineapple.

James Dole established the Hawaiian Pineapple Company in 1901 and is ‘‘usually considered to have produced the first commercial pack of 1,893 cases of canned pineapple in 1903.”

The pineapple plantation concept quickly spread to Kauai and Maui, perhaps because the already well-established sugar industry provided the near-ideal plantation model for those to whom it was not initially obvious.

The Panic of 1907 in the continental US resulted in a reduction in demand for Hawaiian canned pineapple. Under James Dole’s leadership, an industry association was created to organize a cooperative advertising campaign to revive demand.

At that time Dole and the other canners had not developed their own brands. Most of their output was sold with wholesalers’ brand labels such as “Sussman & Wormser.” Demand for Hawaiian canned pineapple revived.

In April 1927, the Hawaiian Pineapple Co began a national advertising campaign, independent of the Association of Hawaiian Pineapple Canners.

The advertisements were centered on the brand name “Dole,” which was stamped in bas-relief on the top of every can of pineapple produced by the company. The advertising was designed to enable consumers to identify the Hawaiian Pineapple Co’s products from other company’s products, no matter what label the can carried.

The advertising campaign was launched in a spectacular way. At the time, Charles Lindbergh successfully completed his solo flight across the Atlantic, leaving New York and landing at Le Bourget Field, near Paris, on May 21 at 10:21 pm. Thousands of cheering people had gathered to meet him. He had flown more than 3,600 miles in 33 ½ hours.

On May 25, 1927 James D. Dole offered $25,000 to the first flyer to cross from the North American continent to Honolulu, Hawai‘i, in a nonstop flight (second place would receive $10,000.)

Before the Dole Derby got off the ground, on June 28, Army aviators Lester J Maitland, 29, and Albert F Hegenberger, 32 took off from Oakland Airport, headed west and after 25 hours and 50 minutes landed safely at Wheeler Field, Oahu; the first to complete a West Coast to Hawai‘i flight.

Then, on July 14, 1927, airmail pilot Ernie Smith and his navigator, Emory Bronte, lifted off in a monoplane called City of Oakland from Oakland field – they ran out of gas and crash-landed on Molokai 26 hours and 36 minutes later (the first civilian to complete the route.)

Not discouraged, the Dole Derby was still on. A committee of the National Aeronautic Association (chaired by chapter president, Clarence H Cooke, assisted by Frank O Boyer, Commander HB McComb of Pearl Harbor, Captain Lowell H Smith of Wheeler Field, John H Kangeter and Kenneth Barnes) established rules and other flight details, to ensure that “—it may cost no brave man either his life or limb.”

Thirty-three entries were narrowed down to 8-finalists (Aloha, Dallas Spirit, Miss Doran, Golden Eagle, El Encanto, Oklahoma, Pabco Flyer and Woolaroc were the eight finalists.)

Ships were lined up at sea for marking and emergency purposes. Along the route would be the Wilhelmina, 1,400 miles from Honolulu; Los Angeles, 800 miles from Los Angeles; SS Manukai, 950 miles from San Francisco; SS President Harrison, 800 miles from San Francisco; SS Manulani, 1,160 miles from Maui; SS Inora, 800 miles from Honolulu; SS Manoa, 1,820 miles from San Francisco.

The entire Pacific fleet was to be placed in readiness. The aircraft carrier LANGLEY, two destroyers, two mine sweepers and an aircraft tender were to be in position in San Diego.

“It was August 16th, 1927, only 86 days since Lindbergh had single-handedly fired the world’s imagination with his stunning solo flight from New York to Paris. On the field at Oakland California’s municipal airport next to San Francisco Bay, a bevy of would be ‘Pacific Lindberghs’ readied their aircraft for a flight to Hawai‘i.”

Thousands of bystanders lined the field. There were more atop buildings; and some watched from surface craft at sea. At noon, Ernie Smith fired the starter’s pistol and the race was on. The race had an inauspicious start …

At 12:01, the first airplane became airborne. It was the Oklahoma, a blue and yellow monoplane with Bennett Griffen and Al. L. Henley. The Oklahoma passed the Golden Gate but then returned with mechanical difficulties.

Navy Lieutenants Norman A. Goddard and K. C. Hawkins moved their silver monoplane El Encanto down the runway at 12:03. Goddard was with the U.S. Naval Reserve at San Diego and his navigator, Hawkins, was an active duty naval officer from the San Diego Naval Air Station, on special leave to participate in the race.

Thrown off course by a side wind, Goddard managed to get about four feet into the air but then crashed to the ground at the 7,000 foot mark, completely demolishing the left wing. The rudder had failed to react properly. It was damaged sufficiently to be out of competition.

In third position, at 12:11, was war ace Major Livingston J. Irving in his orange monoplane Pabco Pacific Flyer. He rose as high as 10 feet into the air then plummeted suddenly back to the ground, ending up in the marsh and water. Tail wheel shattered, Irving pulled off for repairs and another start at the end of the line, intent not to let down fellow employees of the San Francisco firm who were his backers.

The Golden Eagle took off without incident at 12:31 and headed west with its crew of John W. Frost and Gordon Scott. The Lockheed plane was a Vega cantilever type monoplane, cigar shaped, with a 200 hp radial engine, put in the race by George Hearst, publisher of the San Francisco Examiner.

John Augie Peddlar took off in his Buhl Airsedan biplane, Miss Doran, at 12:33. His navigator was Lieutenant Vilas R. Knopie, U.S. Navy, and a 22-year-old school teacher passenger named Miss Mildred Doran—inspiree for the first woman passenger title.

Movie stunt flyer Arthur C. Goebel guided Woolaroc ,his yellow and blue Travelair monoplane, down the runway with Navy Lieutenant William V. Davis as his navigator. Davis was an active duty Navy pilot on 30 days leave from his North Island, San Diego station. He was formerly an Annapolis swimming star

Taking off next was Honolulu’s Martin Jensen in the Aloha, with Paul Schluter as navigator. The ALOHA was previously christened with a bottle of Waikiki water, complete with Hawaiian singers and hula dancers.

Miss Ruby Smith, an Oakland beauty queen, broke the bottle amidst Hawaiian strains and dances. Jensen was particularly proud of the painted Hawaiian flower lei which draped comfortably around the plane’s nose.

The Pabco Pacific Flyer’s tail wheel was repaired and Irving attempted another takeoff. The overloaded plane crashed, smashing one wing. Pilot and navigator came out unhurt.

Dallas Spirit took off at 12:37, flown by Captain William P Erwin with AH Eichwaldt as navigator. Erwin returned because of torn wing fabric.

Four airplanes were in the race, winging across the Pacific: Aloha, Golden Eagle, Miss Doran and Woolaroc … later, only two landed in Hawai‘i (Woolaroc (the first finisher that landed August 17, 1927 at Wheeler Field after a flight of 26 hours, 17 minutes and 33 seconds) and Aloha.)

When it became obvious the other two contestants were lost, Dole put up a $10,000 reward for anyone finding each of the missing planes. Sponsors of the Golden Eagle put up an equal amount for their plane, so did sponsors for the Miss Doran.

A huge search party was set up, soon swelling to 42 ships and planes. The amazing Jensen took off in the Aloha for a five-hour search over O‘ahu, Molokai and Maui. One of the Army planes on search crashed into the sea, killing its two occupants. The search was to no avail.

In Honolulu, the following day, the Star Bulletin carried James Dole’s statement: “Hawaii is on the lips of the world today, in the minds of countless millions of people.”

“Aviation during this year 1927 has definitely brought our own Hawaiian territory closer than ever before into the consciousness of the whole American people. Time and distance between Hawaii and the Pacific Coast are magically shortened.”

“I feel that this has great practical as well as sentimental value to the people of Hawaii. Business and commerce, social and civic relations, national and international contacts, are the better served, the more greatly inspired and stimulated.”

“There is, I feel, immediate and substantial advertising value to Hawaii, to Hawaii’s business, and to Hawaii’s resources and products, in giving to many millions of people the picture of the modern American community which can be reached from the Pacific Coast in 24 hours.”

“There is also, I feel, a definite stimulus to commercial aviation on the Pacific in the ‘Dole Derby.’ It is my hope and belief that the achievements of the trans-Pacific flyers today point to the early establishment of commercial aviation in Hawaii with regular and ample facilities for business and pleasure transportation.”

“In this spirit of building for Greater Hawaii, I join with my fellow citizens everywhere over the territory in welcoming contestants in this great competition of skill, science and experience, in the conquest of the air.” (Lots of information here is from hawaii-gov, Bartholomew and Hawkins.)

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DoleDerby-Competitors Line up in Oakland-hawaii-gov
DoleDerby-Competitors Line up in Oakland-hawaii-gov
1927-8-16 Dole Derby Woolaroc-William W. Davis, navigator, and Arthur C. Goebel, finished first lin a time of 26 hours, 17 minutes and 33 second
1927-8-16 Dole Derby Woolaroc-William W. Davis, navigator, and Arthur C. Goebel, finished first lin a time of 26 hours, 17 minutes and 33 second
Start of the Dole Air Race in Oakland, California on August 16, 1927
Start of the Dole Air Race in Oakland, California on August 16, 1927
Aloha takes off from Oakland
Aloha takes off from Oakland
1927-8-16 Dole Derby Aloha 03-Capt. William P. Erwin and A. H. Eichwaldt took off in the Dallas Spirit and returned because of torn wing fabric.
1927-8-16 Dole Derby Aloha 03-Capt. William P. Erwin and A. H. Eichwaldt took off in the Dallas Spirit and returned because of torn wing fabric.
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 06-Dole Derby winner Art Goebel lands the Woolaroc at Wheeler Field, August 17, 1927
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 06-Dole Derby winner Art Goebel lands the Woolaroc at Wheeler Field, August 17, 1927
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 07 Woolaroc- finished first landing at Wheeler Field on August 17, 1927
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 07 Woolaroc- finished first landing at Wheeler Field on August 17, 1927
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 05-Woolaroc taxis at Wheeler
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 05-Woolaroc taxis at Wheeler
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 08-Dole Derby winner Art Goebel lands the Woolaroc at Wheeler Field, August 17, 1927.
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 08-Dole Derby winner Art Goebel lands the Woolaroc at Wheeler Field, August 17, 1927.
Winner Art Goebel's Woolaroc and runnerup Martin Jensen's Aloha, Wheeler Field
Winner Art Goebel’s Woolaroc and runnerup Martin Jensen’s Aloha, Wheeler Field
1927-8-17 Dole Derby 18-Dole Derby runnerup Martin Jensen's Aloha at Wheeler Field, August 17, 1927.
Aloha Arrives in Honolulu
Aloha Arrives in Honolulu
Travel_Air_5000_Woolaroc_NX869,_winner_of_ill-fated_Dole_race_in_flight
Travel_Air_5000_Woolaroc_NX869,_winner_of_ill-fated_Dole_race_in_flight
Woolaroc
Woolaroc
Dole Air Derby-map of contestants-1927
Dole Air Derby-map of contestants-1927

Filed Under: Economy, Prominent People Tagged With: Aloha, Charles Lindbergh, Dole Derby, Hawaii, Hawaiian Pineapple Company, James Dole, Pineapple, Woolaroc

May 21, 2013 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

Kīpahulu

The south-eastern section of the island of Maui, comprising the districts of Hāna, Kīpahulu, Kaupo and Kahikinui, was at one time a Royal Center and central point of kingly and priestly power.

This section of the island was prominent in the reign of Kekaulike, and has Maui’s largest heiau (Piʻilanihale Heiau – near Hāna.)  Others also seated their power here.

Long before the first Europeans arrived on Maui, Kīpahulu was prized by the Hawaiian aliʻi for its fertile land and abundant ocean.

The first written description of Kīpahulu was made by La Pérouse in 1786 while sailing along the southeast coast of Maui in search of a place to drop anchor:

“I coasted along its shore at a distance of a league (three miles) …. The aspect of the island of Mowee was delightful.  We beheld water falling in cascades from the mountains,  and running in streams to the sea,  after having watered the habitations of the natives,  which  are  so numerous  that a  space of  three or four leagues (9 – 12 miles, about the distance from Hāna to Kaupō) may be  taken for  a single village.” (Bushnell)

“But all the huts are on the seacoast, and the mountains  are so near, that the habitable  part of the island appeared to be less than half a league in depth.  The trees which crowned the mountains,  and the verdure of the banana plants that surrounded the habitations, produced  inexpressible  charms to our senses; but the sea beat upon the coast with the utmost  violence, and kept  us in the situation of  Tantalus,  desiring and devouring with our eyes what  it was  impossible for us to  attain … After passing Kaupō no more waterfalls are seen, and villages are fewer.” (Bushnell)

With the development of the whaling industry on the island in 1880s Kīpahulu population started to decline as people moved to main whaling ports, such as Lāhainā.

In the early-1900s, one of the regular ports of call for the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company was Kīpahulu. Steamships provided passenger service around Maui and between the islands.

Kīpahulu Landing also provided a way for growers and ranchers to ship their goods to markets. Today the land where Kīpahulu Landing existed is private but protected with a conservation easement, overseen by the Maui Coastal Land Trust (now part of the Hawaiian Islands Land Trust.)

A famous Kīpahulu resident was Charles Lindbergh.  He was the first to make a solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.  Other pilots had crossed the Atlantic before him; but Lindbergh was the first person to do it alone nonstop.

“Early in the morning on May 20, 1927 Charles Lindbergh took off in The Spirit of St. Louis from Roosevelt Field near New York City. Flying northeast along the coast, he was sighted later in the day flying over Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. From St. Johns, Newfoundland, he headed out over the Atlantic, using only a magnetic compass, his airspeed indicator, and luck to navigate toward Ireland.”  (New York Times, May 21, 1927)

“On the evening of May 21, he crossed the coast of France, followed the Seine River to Paris and touched down at Le Bourget Field at 10:22 pm. … A frenzied crowd of more than 100,000 people gathered at Le Bourget Field to greet him. ”  (New York Times, May 21, 1927)

Lindbergh was introduced to Maui by his friend Sam Pryor, a Pan American Vice President and supporter of his flight across the Atlantic.  Having first visited Pryor’s home near Hana, Lindberg later acquired land next to him and built his house.

Lindbergh died of cancer on Aug. 26, 1974, in his home on Maui.  He was buried on the grounds of the Palapala Hoʻomau Church.  (Pryor died in 1985 and is buried there, too – as well as Sam’s six gibbons.)

Kīpahulu’s Palapala Hoʻomau Church started construction in 1857 and was completed in 1862; it was restored in 1965 (with a lot of help from Lindberg and Pryor.)

In January 2012, the Palapala Hoʻomau Preservation Society was created to care for the Church.  For many years, an endowment administered by the Hawai‘i Conference Foundation, set up by the Lindbergh and Pryor families, provided funds for maintenance and upkeep of the property.  (hcucc)

In recent years, the need for restoration work on the church has gone beyond what the endowment fund can provide.  Although there is no regular worshipping community at Palapala Hoʻomau, the historical significance of the church and graveyard, as well as the number of visitors who come to the property each year, led the Hawai‘i Conference Foundation to find a solution.  (hcucc)

Mike Love of the Beach Boys later bought the Lindberg home, a 5-acre estate, down a twisting, scenic road a few miles from Hāna.  Love also purchased the Pryor’s 14-acre adjacent site and house.  (Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1989)

The image shows the Palapala Hoʻomau Church (hcucc.)   In addition, I have added other images in a folder of like name in the Photos section on my Facebook and Google+ pages.

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Filed Under: Place Names Tagged With: Charles Lindbergh, Hana, Hawaii, Kekaulike, Kipahulu, La Perouse, Maui, Palapala Hoomau Church, Sam Pryor

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