Economy | Page 2 | Images of Old Hawaiʻi

February 8, 2019 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

French Colonial Exposition (1931)

“The first French empire died on the field of Waterloo in 1815. The Prussian troops and Parisian rebels ended the Second Empire in 1871.”

“But through these and other violent fluctuations in French political life, the real French Empire – the empire of her colonial possessions around the world – grew steadily throughout the nineteenth century.”

“After the first World War, France found herself in command of the most extensive colonial empire in the world: some 47 nations whose official language was French and whose governments were under some degree of obligation to France.”

“To bring these peoples together in the capital city in order to educate the French nation as to the importance of their colonies – this was the primary goal of the Exposition Coloniale et Internationale de Paris.” (Chandler) (It was held May 6 to November 15, 1931.)

“Hawaii’s exhibit at the French Colonial Exposition in Paris … proved to be a most popular feature of the exposition. It was visited by nearly 2,000,000 people who crowded the Hawaii Building so heavily at times that the doors had to be closed.”

“Local residents returning from Paris confirmed other reports that it was a most satisfactory and worth-while effort. In conjunction with this exhibit the Hawaii Tourist Bureau printed 25,000 inexpensive folders in French and English for distribution in Paris.” (Report of the Governor, August 25, 1932)

“Genesis for the idea of a colonial exhibition began in 1912 with a suggestion by the French Minister of Colonies. France was the second largest colonial power at the time behind only Great Britain.”

“Original date of the fair was 1916, but World War I intervened, and before Paris could host a colonial exhibition, the other provinces picked their preferred site, Marsailles, which hosted an exhibition in 1922.”

“But Paris persisted, choosing their location in the Bois de Vincennes. The site also included two islands at Lake Daumesnil and a zoological garden.”

“England did not participate in any significant manner, perhaps due to their recent colonial exhibition in London 1924-5, and neither did Germany.”

“The United States did participate, first time at a European colonial expo, spending $300,000 for its exhibit and six other buildings”. (JPD Econ) “It was the most money the US government ever invested in a world’s fair”. (NY Times)

“The centerpiece of the 1931 fairgrounds on the eastern edge of Paris was an approximate reproduction of Angkor Wat, an enormous Khmer temple in French Indochina.”

“The red-walled palace showcasing Afrique-Occidentale française (French West Africa) had a central 150-foot tower, all loosely based on regional styles and construction methods.”

“Sandwiched between the colonial empires of Portugal and Holland was the house the New York Times dubbed ‘Mount Vernon on the Seine.’” (It was built by Sears.)

“The Times reported that it would ‘occupy a sloping plot on Lake Daumesnil, in the wooded park at Vincennes with the River Seine in the distance. With the outlook over these waters the setting will be not unlike that of Mount Vernon overlooking the Potomac.”

“One wing of Mount Vernon housed an exhibition on the Panama Canal and another on “the Klondike” (Alaska). Outbuildings featured Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Hawaii, and Samoa”

“A postcard sent from the exposition depicts a Hawaiian-themed restaurant, with thatched table umbrellas and kiosks, the smaller of the two selling waffles.” (Lapham’s)

“But the American and other, non-French pavilions were mere side shows compared to the splendor of the exhibits of the French colonies.”

“A circular train, mounted on a narrow-gauge railway, would carry visitors around the Lac Dausmenil, stopping at the foreign pavilions, and finally depositing voyagers at the head of the Grande Avenue des Colonies Françaises.” (Depp)

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Mount Vernon Reproduction-US Bldg, Paris France, 1931

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Exterior of the French reproduction of Mount Vernon-NYTimes

French Colonial Exposition, Paris Poster 1931

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French Colonial Exposition, Paris 1931

French Colonial Exposition, Paris Layout 1931

French Colonial Exposition, Paris Plan 1931

February 7, 2019 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Father Damon

“Samuel Damon … was known to sailors from all the Four Seas as Father Damon, pastor of the Seaman’s Bethel of Honolulu. The wife of Father Damon was the daughter of Samuel Mills of “Haystack Meeting” fame …”

“… one of the five young men who met and decided that they should go out into the world to advance the cause of Christianity among heathen people.” (Honolulu Times, December 1, 1909)

“Beloved by all – he and his wife always collecting & caring for the poor. Old whalers like him.” (Twain)

“Samuel Chenery Damon, chaplain of the American Seamen’s Friend Society and pastor of Bethel Union Church at Honolulu. His (wife) Julia Sherman Mills Damon, no less a tireless worker in Christ’s service, was first president of the Stranger’s Friend Society.” (Dye)

Damon came of Hawaii in 1842. On January 1, 1843 he began publication of the American Temperance Advocate, briefly called The Friend of Temperance & Seamen and then simply The Friend. (Twain)

Damon served as the chaplain at O‘ahu Bethel Church (Seamen’s Bethel) for 42 years, serving the sailors of vessels who entered the port of Honolulu.

“Beth-el” was designated as a refuge for sojourners. At that time more than 100 whaling vessels with approximately 6,000 sailors aboard entered the port of Honolulu annually.

Materials for the building had been contributed by several ship owners in Norwich and New London, Connecticut. A residence for the chaplain was also built nearby.

The chapel was of average size, measuring 48 feet by 30 feet. The main hall seated 300 persons; the basement had a reading room, a book depository, and a marine museum. Dedicated in 1833, the chapel stood until 1886. (Watson)

“Father Damon’s chief life-work has flowed in a different channel … Whereas their mission was emphatically to those Islanders who had never before heard the Gospel message, his was distinctively to the white settlers at Honolulu …”

“… but especially to the multitude of sailors from all lands who forty years ago flocked to the Hawaiian isles in very far larger numbers than at the present day, and many being wild and reckless, proved far more serious foes to mission-work than any which arose from mere indigenous heathenism.”

“In those days Honolulu was the winter rendezvous for the American whaling fleet, and about a hundred and fifty ships sometimes assembled here; bringing, of course, an immense influx of wild, undisciplined men.”

“Of those days Dr. Damon himself has said: ‘During the years between 1842 and 1867, at the lowest estimate, six thousand sailors annually entered the port, sometimes far more.’”

“‘I recollect one Sunday morning over thirty whale-ships and sixteen vessels of war rounded Diamond Head, besides all the merchant vessels. There could not have been less than ten thousand seamen during that year in the port of Honolulu.’”

“‘The Rev. S. E. Bishop reports from three to four thousand as visiting Lahaina, while the Rev. Titus Coan reports as many more, calling at Hilo.’” (Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, August 1886)

“Leaving New York in March, 1842, he and his bride sailed for Honolulu, where he at once commenced work as pastor of the Bethel Chapel, which had been erected in 1833, and was the only place of worship for the English-speaking community.”

“Busy as was his life, he yet found time to care for all. Every traveller who has visited the isles can tell the same tale, of how ‘Father Damon’ was the first to welcome the coming, the last to speed the parting guest …”

“… and so he remains linked in the first and last Hawaiian memories of many a wanderer in distant lands, all of whom will assuredly endorse words spoken concerning him:”

“‘All will feel that the Honolulu they have known will not be Honolulu to them without Dr. Damon’s genial cordiality to give warmth and brightness to their enjoyment of its sunshine, and memories of bis courteous friendliness.” (Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, August 1886)

“After a short but severe illness he passed away on the 7th of February (1885), carried off by inflammation of the brain, when within eight days of completing his seventieth year.”

“I believe that to many besides myself, it must have been a surprise to learn that he had so nearly attained the three-score years and ten …”

“… for he was so young-looking, and so full of unbounded energy, both physical and mental, and so eager to enlarge his work in a new field of usefulness, that, though he likewise was honoured with the affectionate title of ‘Father,’ it seemed as though he must belong to a younger generation than those of whom I have hitherto spoken.”

“His funeral was attended by His Majesty King Kalākaua, and various members of the Royal Family; also by the Anglican bishop and the majority of the Anglican congregation; for all the community have good reason to mourn the death of one of Honolulu’s noblest citizens.” (Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine, August 1886)

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The Seamen’s Bethel Chapel-1896

Bethel’s Church, Honolulu, Hawaii, founded in 1833 as Seamen’s Bethel Church

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February 6, 2019 by Peter T Young 2 Comments

Laysan Island Cyclorama

“Almost exactly in the middle of the Pacific, midway between our Pacific coast and Japan, there is a small island, a coral atoll with a surface of about three and a half square miles, which supports perhaps the most dense bird population in the world”.

“Here, on a level plain from which every vestige of vegetation has been worn away, is a mass of these great birds nearly a square mile in extent. He may have seen birds before by the thousand, perhaps by tens of thousands; but surely not literally by the million!”

“(A)lbatrosses, some two million of them, are by no means the most numerous bird inhabitants of this great oceanic aviary. Most of the surface, save that just described, is covered with a coarse, sedge-like, tufted grass among which several millions of terns of about six species, have their homes.”

“In another place is an exceedingly picturesque bit of rocky scenery in which the immaculately white “love birds” have established a rookery. These, unlike other terns are silent birds, and hover like great white butterflies close above the visitor, silently inspecting him without either fear or anger.”

“A very different scene presents itself in the rookery of the great, greenblack ‘man-o-war birds,’ the outcasts and pirates of this oceanic aviary. Graceful beyond compare while on the wing, they have a particularly savage and cruel aspect when seen at close quarters on their nests.”

“But any description of the scene would be inexcusably defective were we to omit mention of the weird color effects produced by the combination of the snow white coral sand, the dark green vegetation, and the intense blue of the tropic sky …”

“… often mottled with purple clouds; while embracing all is the thundering surf of intense green, white crested waves near shore, and, further out, the wonderful deep blue of the Pacific.”

“Try as we may; this scene can not be described, and as day after day the wonder of it grew and deepened, the writer found constantly recurring and intensifying the great desire to have it reproduced as a masterpiece of art for the benefit of the State University and the people of Iowa.”

“And then the ‘Laysan Island scheme’ had its birth.”

“To any one who has seen a really good cyclorama, such as that of the “Battle of Gettysburg,” where the observer gazes upon hundreds of thousands of men and miles of space, a veritable miracle of vast numbers in intense action …”

“… the actual figures in the foreground so skillfully joined to the painted background as to deceive the very elect, the ‘Laysan Island’ scheme will make an immediate appeal.”

“The plan is, briefly, to construct in our new museum a cyclorama of Laysan Island. … It was with the Laysan idea in view that room was reserved for this exhibit in the north end of ‘Bird Hall’ in the new museum, and marked ‘Laysan Room’ in the plans.” (Nutting; Iowa Alumnus, 1909)

“Laysan Island Cyclorama offers a 360-degree view of Laysan, an outpost of the Hawaiian atoll and a bird sanctuary, at its heyday, when it boasted 8 million birds of 22 different species in 1.5 square miles.”

“In 1902 Charles Nutting, director of the UI Museum of Natural History, first traveled to Laysan as a scientific advisor to a government expedition. He was so inspired by the multitudes of terns, albatrosses, finches, boobies, and other birds that he vowed to re-create the scene in Iowa City.”

“Nutting led the UI in a nine-year fundraising campaign. Laysan frequently made headlines in The Daily Iowan. In 1909, the football team even performed a skit at a lecture on Hawaii to raise funds for the trip.”

“In 1911, Nutting sent Homer Dill, who managed the museum’s bird and mammal collections, along with UI students Horace Young and Clarence Albrecht and muralist Charles Corwin back to Laysan to gather specimens for an exhibit.”

“The party found the island very different from the paradise Nutting had described almost a decade earlier. In addition to evidence of feather poaching, rabbits introduced by a guano miner in 1903 had overwhelmed the island, stripping it of its vegetation and decimating insect populations.”

“Lacking food and shelter, some seabirds took flight to other islands, but land birds were unable to fly the long distances to other islands.”

“Despite this, Dill returned to Iowa City with 36 large crates of specimens (total of 398 birds representing 23 species), including plants and sand. Museum studies students handcrafted thousands of wax leaves for the display, and Corwin painted a 138-foot-long backdrop.” (The mounting of the 106 birds and installation of the cyclorama foreground required nearly three years.)

“When it opened, the cyclorama was one of the first in the world to feature a natural theme and is one of a handful of cycloramas still existing today.”

“In 1912, UI sophomore Alfred Bailey returned to the island, but ran out of poison and ammunition, barely affecting the rabbit population.”

“In 1923 the Tanager Expedition killed the last of the rabbits on Laysan Island — too late for the Laysan rail, Laysan honeycreeper and Laysan millerbird, which went extinct due to the devastation. Two more species, the Laysan finch and the Laysan duck, remain endangered. All of these species are featured in the Cyclorama.”

“No major modifications have been made to the cyclorama, but renovations in the early 2000s included the addition of interpretive signs and a soundtrack of bird calls of all 22 living and extinct species that have inhabited the island. While museum staff have hand-cleaned parts of the background mural, no major conservation work has been done.” (U of Iowa)

Over 100-years later, Laysan Island Cyclorama, on the third Floor, West End of Hageboeck Hall of Birds in the University of Iowa Museum of Natural History, is still open.

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Homes Dill (rear) preparing bird skins with Student Clarence Albrecht-Laysan-1911

Gathering Albatross Eggs-Laysan

February 5, 2019 by Peter T Young Leave a Comment

New Club for New Year

“On Tuesday night the Chinese portion of the city was busy preparing for the Chinese New Year and by eight o’clock the streets were all brilliantly illuminated from Nuuanu street to the Chinese Theatre, throughout the business portion of town. Chinese lanterns of every conceivable size and of every degree of display were hung from doorways and balconies.”

“During Tuesday night there were intermittent explosions of firecrackers which caused many a dreamer to turn restlessly in his bed, and when four o’clock of Wednesday arrived a veritable bombardment of small fire-crackers took place throughout Chinatown, and awakened everybody within hearing distance of the neighborhood.”

“During Wednesday morning the ancient Chinese dragon, wonderful in form and notable in history, was carried in procession through the streets, honored with the beating of a multitude of gongs and the firing of innumerable firecrackers, which in bursting scattered green, red, and orange colored bits of paper over the streets.” (Daily Honolulu Press, February 4, 1886)

“The streets in Chinatown were transformed into beautiful vistas of chromatic light, from thousands of lanterns ranged in mathematical lines from above and below the everlasting verandahs. A terrific bombardment of fireworks was sustained against the slumbers of all within earshot of celestial domiciles through the livelong night.”

“A hideous noise like the beating of a thousand coal oil cans by an army of urchins, the firing of combustible crackers and the clamor of a hundred Chinamen on Nu‘uanu street this forenoon announced the coming of the Chinese dragon.”

“The procession stopped in front of the principal Chinese houses, and while batteries of lire crackers were exploding, the dragon would rush forward with mouth open and fangs projecting, as though to destroy imaginary victims, but retreating at the fantastic movement of a magical wand in the hands of a coolie.” (Daily Bulletin, February 11, 1886)

“The new Chinese Club House on King street was the center of attraction during the day and night. In the morning at seven o’clock the Royal Hawaiian Band played numerous airs in front of the building. At half-past ten o’clock Mr. Berger’s boys were relieved by the Reformatory School band.”

“The new Club House was formally opened at eleven o’clock. The following address was read by Mr. C. Alee and was re-spoken in English by Mr. C. Winam:”

“‘Today is our Chinese New Year, a day which it has been our custom from time immemorial to celebrate as we celebrate no other in the year.’”

“‘It is a day to which we look forward with the most pleasing anticipations, and being Election Day for the nation it is also memorable on that account. May the representatives now chosen be men of wisdom to direct aright the councils of this much favored land.’”

“‘It gives us the greatest pleasure to express on behalf of our countrymen the gratification we feel on being honored upon the entry into this our new Society house with the presence of so many of our friends. We trust that the mutual friendly relations that have existed between us in the past may continue in the future and grow stronger as this Society grows in usefulness.’”

“‘In our capacity as President and Vice-President of this Association we, Ching Alee and Goo Kim, feel it to be our duty to make a few remarks in reference to the future object and maintenance of this Society.’”

“‘In compliance with the suggestion of His Excellency, Ching. Chinese Minister at Washington, this Association was formed under the name of ‘Chung Wa Ui Qwun’ – The United Chinese Society – in 1882, and on the 27th day of August, 1884, it was properly organized under charter of incorporation granted by His Excellency Charles T. Gulick, Minister of the Interior of the Hawaiian Kingdom.’”

“‘As we had no place of our own to which to hold our regular meetings during the past four years, the China [Engine] Company No. 5 has been so kind as to lend its hall to us.’”

“‘This Society building is now completed entirely through the voluntary assistance of our Chinese residents in the Hawaiian Kingdom.’”

“‘Our object in forming this association is to exercise a care and supervision over such of the Chinese residents as shall connect themselves with this Society …’”

“‘… to make them acquainted with the laws and ordinances of the Hawaiian Government, particularly with those laws and ordinances which concern in any way our Chinese residents …’”

“‘… to render assistance and advice to such a may stand in need there-of, especially to sick Chinese and those in destitute condition …’”

“‘… to prevent and settle disputes among Chinese if possible, and to prevent, as far as it may be in our power, all unlawful combinations or posting of seditious or otherwise objectionable placards, and to render such aid to the Government as they may request or authorize in matters pertaining to the Chinese residents in this kingdom.’”

“‘All the future funds for maintenance of this Society are to be raised from the Chinese residents. We therefore trust that the purposes of this Society shall be attained, that it will grow in its benevolence and usefulness …’”

“‘… and that its officers shall ever administer its affairs in the spirit in which it was founded, that it may be of advantage not only to ourselves but to the non-Chinese residents of this community, and that through it you may obtain true glimpses of Chinese customs and manners.’”

“‘We now by virtue of the official position delegated to us as President and Vice-President of the United Chinese Society declare this Hall open.’”

“Among those present at the opening exercises were: HRH the princess Lili‘uokalani, His Majesty’s Chamberlain, Col. Judd, the Judges of the Supreme Court, His Majesty’s Ministers, members of the Foreign Diplomatic Corps, and a large number of invited citizens.”

“The new Club House consists of a large store-room on the upper floor which include a large club-room, two anterooms, one pantry and one store-room.”

“The club-room was elegantly furnished and substantial repast was kept ready for all who came. During the day 584 persons attended the reception. Appropriate festivities were kept up in the evening. It is estimated that the Chinese residents of Honolulu have expended not less than $15,000 in the celebration of the Chinese New Year.” (Daily Honolulu Press, February 4, 1886)

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February 4, 2019 by Peter T Young 1 Comment

Four Minute Men

“Men and nations are at their worst or at their best in any great struggle. The spoken word may light the fires of passion and unreason or it may inspire to highest action and noblest sacrifice a nation of freemen.”

“Upon you Four-Minute Men, who are charged with a special duty and enjoy a special privilege in the command of your audiences, will rest, in a considerable degree, the task of arousing and informing the great body of our people …”

“… so that when the record of these days is complete we shall read page for page with the deeds of army and navy the story of the unity, the spirit of sacrifice, the unceasing labors, the high courage of the men and women at home who held unbroken the inner lines.”

“My best wishes and continuing interest are with you in your work as part of the reserve officer corps in a nation thrice armed because through your efforts it knows better the justice of its cause and the value of what it defends.” (Woodrow Wilson, November 9, 1917)

The Four Minute Men, a nation-wide organization of volunteer speakers, was organized June 16, 1917, for the purpose of assisting the various Departments of the Government in the work of national defense during World War I.

They delivered short pro-war speeches, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent. The subject matter was prepared and the speaking was directed from Washington under the authority of the Government. (Four Minute Men, Committee on Public Information, November 25, 1917))

“‘The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth’ – that is the kernel of the messages the Four Minute Men are asked to convey to the American people.”

“The truth about the war, we believe, is such that it need but to be spread clearly in order to convince the public that we must fight on. Those who do not so believe should not attempt to convince others.” (Four Minute Men, Committee on Public Information, 1918)

“Our cause were weak, indeed, if we needed to bolster it up in the approved Prussian fashion by hiding of facts, statements of half truths, exaggerations, and sophistries.”

“Our cause is strong in so far as we can afford to be frank and open, and the speaker who is frank and open ready to concede the contrafacts, willing to admit doubt wherever doubt rightfully exists, and making no claims beyond authentic authoritative knowledge, is powerful, because he. stands on the rock of fairness. His honesty shines through his words.”

“At no time should our audiences be led to feel that Government speakers appear before them to implant thoughts skillfully designed to create some “desired impression.” The public should realize rather that the Government sends its representative to state indisputable facts.”

“To impress others with our honesty we need but to be honest. Then, honesty is the armor, frankness and fairness are the weapons, and the champion of the Right becomes invincible.”

“As a matter of policy, too, we can not emphasize too strongly that the most conservative statement is the most powerful. Calling the Kaiser a devil, condemning everything done in war by the enemy, indulging generally in tirades, may bring applause from partisans, but it does not make a single convert.”

“Our audiences may be divided into three classes – those favoring the war, those in doubt, and those who are so imbued with pacifism or pro-German sentiments that no appeal to the heart to reason or common sense can draw them to us. It is our problem to reach the second class; with the other two classes we are but indirectly concerned.”

“The doubters want reasons and facts, not vituperation. If the speaker shows blindness to common sense, unwillingness to view facts in perspective, if he browses around to find extremest arguments, the purpose of the speech is lost.”

“But if he drives home the facts, the terrible proven facts, then he leaves no loophole for counterargument, and the case against Germany stands out—unassailable!”

In preparing speakers, the program provided the following ‘Four Minute Hints’:

“Stick to your time allowance. Five minutes means a guess; four minutes makes a promise.”
“Begin with a positive, concrete statement.”
“Tell them something at the start.”
“Use short sentences. The man who can’t make one word do the work of two is no four minute speaker.”
“Avoid fine phrases. You aren’t there to give them an ear full but a mind full.”
“Talk to the back row of your audience; you’ll hit everything closer in.”
“Talk to the simplest intelligence in your audience; you’ll hit everything higher up.”
“Be natural and direct. Sincerity wears no frills.”
“Give your words time. A jumbled sentence is a wasted sentence. You can’t afford waste on a four-minute allowance.”
“Don’t fear to be colloquial. Slang that your hearers understand is better than Latin that they don’t.”
“Don’t figure the importance of your job on a time basis. Four hours of thinking may go into four minutes of speaking.”
“You represent the United States of America. Don’t forget it. And don’t give your audience occasion to forget it.”
“Finish strong and sharp. The butterfly is forgotten as soon as he departs, but you recall the hornet because he ends with a point.”
“Finally, and always – Stick to your pledge and the four-minute limit.” (Four Minute Men, Committee on Public Information, 1918)

The Four-Minute Men idea was born in Chicago and has grown into a national division of war work; Hawaii participated in the Four Minute Men program.

“The success of the Four Minute Men is assured here, and their opportunities for usefulness are not restricted to patriotic speeches in the motion-picture houses of the city. They have a far wider field where their utterances should be valuable.” (Star Bulletin, December 6, 1917)

“The Four-Minute Men in Hawaii plan to furnish on short notice speakers on patriotic subjects for gatherings or meetings of any nature. It is now aiding the local food pledge campaign by four-minute speeches each evening at the Bijou and Liberty theaters. The organization is to become a permanent one.” (Star Bulletin, December 4, 1917)

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